AP Biology/ Presentation Outline
Ashley Kelch, Melanie Diaz, Joy Chao
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition
Overview: The Need to Feed

Herbivore, Carnivore, omnivore

Three nutritional needs
41.1 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal’s energy budget

Different types of feeders
1.
Suspension feeders (def + example)
2.
Substrate feeders (def + example)
3.
Fluid Feeders (def + example)
4.
Bulk feeders (def + example)

ATP generation by oxidation of energy-rich organic molecules

Glucose regulation, example of Homeostasis
1.
Excess calories
2.
Glycogen depots

Caloric Imbalance
1.
Undernourishment
2.
Overnourishment
3.
Fats and Carbohydrates

Obesity as a Human Health Problem
1.
Inheritence
2.
Weight regulation treatment
3.
Example of leptin

Obesity and Evolution
1.
Natural selection favors individuals able to obtain fatty foods
42.2 An animal’s diet must supply carbon skeleton and essential nutrients

Carbon skeleton

Essential nutrients
1.
Malnourishment (mineral) vs. undernourishment (caloric)
2.
Four essential nutrients

Essential Amino Acid
1.
Protein deficiency
2.
Reliable source
3.
Animal products vs. plant products

Essential Fatty Acid
1.
Types needed for animals
2.
Usage

Vitamins
1.
Amount needed
2.
Water soluble
3.
Fat soluble
4.
Usage

Minerals
1.
Amount needed
2.
Different minerals, usage

AP Biology/ Presentation Outline
Ashley Kelch, Melanie Diaz, Joy Chao
41.3 The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Food Processing
1.
First stage- ingestion
2.
Second stage- digestion
3.
Third stage- absorption
4.
Fourth stage- elimination

Digestive compartments
1.
Intracellular digestion
2.
Extracellular digestion
3.
Gastrovascular cavity
4.
Complete digestive tract (alimentary canal)

Digestion is different animals
1.
Hydra
2.
Earthworm
3.
Grasshopper
4.
Bird
41.4 Each organ of the mammalian digestive system specialized food-processing functions

Digestion Process
1.
Begins in the mouth . . .

Gastric juices
1.
In stomach
2.
Break the peptide bonds of proteins

Villi and microvilli
1.
In the small intestine
2.
Increase surface area for the absorption of nutrients
3.
(Figure 41.21 Flowchart of enzymatic digestion in the human digestive system)

Hormones
1. Regulation of digestive organs

Large intestine
1.
Absorbs most of the water from the digested food back into the body before the remains are excreted

Bacterias
1.
Those living in the large intestine produce vitamins
2.
Minerals absorbed by mammals
41.5 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems are often associated with diet

Mammalian bodies
1.
Development of adaptations
2.
Specialized diet

Herbivores
1.
Benefit of bacteria in alimentary canal