Nutrition & Digestion
Test Review

Nutrients

Substances needed for:

Cell repair

Cell growth

Energy

Obtained from the food we eat

Nutrients

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fats

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

Protein

Replacement of cells

Growth

Large molecules

Smaller molecules called
Amino Acids

Found in meats, eggs, beans

Carbohydrates

Primary energy source

Molecules of C, H, O

Sugars ~ simple carbohydrates

Starches ~ complex carbohydrates

Fiber
 Not digested; provides bulk

Fats

Provide energy / stores energy

Absorb vitamins

Make up cell membranes

Vitamins

Organic (contain carbon)

Growth

Regulate body functions

Prevent disease

No food has all vitamins

Water soluble

Fat soluble

Stored in body

Minerals

Inorganic (no carbon)

Found on the periodic table

Control chemical reactions

Build cells

Conduct nerve impulses

Carry oxygen

Water

Nutrients carried in water

Used in chemical reactions

Digestion

Process the breaks down food into small molecules that can be used by the body

Mechanical ~ chewing, mixing, churning

Chemical ~ chemicals break down food

Digestive system

Digestive tract

Alimentary canal

Organs used in digestion

Digestive system

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Rectum

Anus

Digestive system

Accessory organs ~ food does not pass through

Liver

Gall bladder

Pancreas

Mouth

Teeth

Mechanical digestion ~ chewing

Chemical digestion ~ amylase in saliva

Esophagus

Peristalsis ~ muscular action that moves food

Lined with mucus

Epiglottis prevent food from going into trachea

Stomach

Muscular bag

Lined with folds

Mechanical & chemical digestion

Enzymes (help speed up chemical reactions) & digestive juices

Chyme

Stomach

Small intestine

Most digestion occurs here

Lined with villi

Projections that increase surface area

Small intestine

Large intestine

Colon

Absorbs water

Maintains homeostasis ~ steady state

Forms feces

Rectum ~ stores feces

Anus ~ strong round muscles (sphincter)

Large intestine

Accessory organs

Produce and store digestive chemicals

Food does not pass through these

Liver

Makes bile

Liver

Gall bladder

Muscular sac attached to the liver

Stores bile.

Gall bladder

Pancreas

Makes enzymes

Pancreas