Topics
• Mexican-Americans 1848-1900 (Southwest)
• Tuesday Sept. 30 Exam 1
– Scantron
– Bluebook
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
1848-1900 the 1st MexicanAmerican Generation
1900-1929 Mexico Lindo
Generation or Immigrant Gen.
1930-1964 Mexican-American
Generation
1965-1979 Chicano Generation
1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.
Explain how the 1st generation of Mexican-Americans dealt
with the political and social changes in the U.S. Southwest
after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in
1848.
3
Compromise of 1850
5
6
1848-1900
Political
Control
Economy
Socialization
Resistance
Santa Fe Ring
• Group of lawyers & land speculators
• Largest landowners in New Mexico
San Luis Colorado 1851
Land Grant Sangre de Cristo
Doña Maria Gertrudis Barceló
Doña Tules 1800-1852
• Santa Fe, New Mexico
• Independent business
woman
Miguel Antonio Otero
• Governor of New
Mexico Territory
1897-1906
Elfego Baca 1865-1945
• Deputy Sheriff in Socorro,
NM
• Frisco Shootout with Texans
1884
Las Gorras Blancas, Las Vegas, NM
• Founded in April 1889 by brothers
Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor
Herrera
• Proclamation of Las Gorras 1890
• “Our purpose is to protect the
rights and interests of the people in
general; especially those of the
helpless classes.”
• Newspaper La Voz de
Pueblo
• Santa Fe, NM 1889
• 1890 People’s Party
(Partido del Pueblo
Unido )
• Hispanics & Anglos
• Alternative to
Democrats &
Republicans
New Mexico Constitution 1912
• ARTICLE II - BILL OF RIGHTS
• Sec. 5. [Rights under Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo preserved.]
• The rights, privileges and immunities, civil,
political and religious guaranteed to the
people of New Mexico by the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo shall be preserved
inviolate.
Arizona
• Tucson
• 500 Mexican pop.
• Few Anglo-Americans in
southern Arizona
• Apache Threat
– Forces bicultural cooperation
• April 1874 Camp Grant
Massacre
• Geronimo
captured in
1886
• Pedro Aguirre 1852
• Merchant
• Estevan Ochoa 18311888
• Tucson Mayor 1876
Don Mariano G. Samaniego 1844-1907
• Fought for the rights of
the Mexican immigrants
• Encourage participation
in the U.S. political
process
• Leader of Tucson
• Supports Alianza
Hispano-Americana
1894
• History of Chicanos in Southern Arizona pt. 1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PW6n9h
MzVEY&feature=related
• History of Chicanos in Southern Arizona pt. 2
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyGIhet
HqEg&feature=relmfu
• History of Chicanos in Southern Arizona pt. 3
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1R2W7e
0eNY&feature=relmfu
Mariano Vallejo 1807-1890
36
• Sept. 1849 Monterrey
• 7 californios
• 1849 Constitution
– Based on NY state’s
Constitution
– Prohibited Slavery
– Required laws to be
published in 2 languages
– Granted women the
right to own property
1849 California Constitution
1849 California Constitution
• ARTICLE XI.
• Sec. 21. All laws,
decrees, regulations,
and provisions, which
from their nature
require publication,
shall be published in
English and Spanish.
40
1848-1900
Political
Control
Economy
Socialization
Resistance
Diseño del Rancho de San Juan Bautista : [Santa Clara Co., Calif.]
1851 California Land Act
• Provided that claims to all lands in California be
presented within two years of the date of the act
• Many people didn’t know the requirements and
therefore lost their land
• 200 families 14 million acres
• 1880-1890 only 5 % of Californios landowners
44
1848-1900
Political
Control
Economy
Socialization
Resistance
1855 Vagrancy Act
Greaser Act
• Defined vagrants as “all persons who [were]
commonly known as ‘Greasers’”
• Anti-loitering act
Gold Rush Jan.24 1848
"California News"
"California News"
A New York paper reported in 1849
that "gold news has unsettled the
minds of even the most cautious and
careful among us." (Gilman Paper
Company Collection)
49
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
View of the Place of Anchorage at Yerba Buena
(1846 hand-colored lithograph)
F. Teschmaker
E. Godchaux
Vue de San Francisco, 1851
Sunday Morning in the Mines
by Charles Nahl
• 48ers
• 49ers
• 3 Routes
– Around the Horn
– Via Panama
– Overland
55
The California
Gold Rush
56
• Sutter’s Mill January 24, 1848
– James Wilson Marshall
– Sam Brannan
– 48ers
– Polk’s Message Dec.5, 1848
57
Sonora
58
48ers
Sonorans
Batea
Arrastre
Nativism: a policy of excluding
immigrants and non-whites
• Attacks on Chileans
• 1850 Foreign Miners’ Tax
• Lynching of Juanita
Attacks on Chileans
61
The Lynching of Juanita
1851
Joaquin Murrieta
•
•
•
•
•
Sonoran miner
Brother & father killed
Band of 5 Joaquins
Bernardino Garcia ( 3 finger jack)
California Rangers capture 3 finger Jack
and one of the Joaquins
•
http://www.laits.utexas.edu/jaime/cwp4/JMG/corido.html
• El Corrido de Joaquin
Murrieta
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=vBg6n0rosYc&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=yJ7irflWmm8
Tiburcio Vasquez 1835-1875
Californio
Monterey family
“A spirit of hatred and revenge took
possession of me. I had numerous
fights in defense of what I believed to
be my rights and those of my
countrymen. I believed we were
unjustly deprived of the social rights
that belonged to us."
64
Californios
• Antonio Coronel
• Pio Pico
Maria Ruiz de Burton 1832-1895
• Born in Baja California
• Married Henry S. Burton &
moved to Monterey, CA
• 1853 Rancho Jamul
• Legal battle to keep her property
• Author: Who Would Have
Thought It? (1872) and The
Squatter and the Don (1885).
• First Mexican-American to write
in English
66
12th Governor of California ( was not elected)
February 27, 1875 – December 9, 1875
Romualdo Pacheco
67
El Clamor Publico 1855-1859
Franciso P. Ramirez
http://vimeo.com/25162915
• Supporter of American
democracy and equality
• Called for political
participation & assimilation
• “... let us divest ourselves of
all bygone traditions, and
become Americanized all
over—in language, in
manners, in customs and in
habits.” June 18, 1859,
editorial in English
1857 Californio Migration
70