Classification
How are organisms classified?
Organization of Life
 Kingdom
 Phylum

Class
 Order
 Family
Genus
• Species
Kingdoms
Organisms are grouped by similarities
 1) Cell Type Prokaryote or Eukaryote
 2) Cell Structures –
 Type and/or presence of cell wall
 3) Number of Cells –
 unicellular, multicellular, tissues, organs etc
 4) Mode of Nutrition
 Autotroph or heterotroph
Kingdoms
 Monera (old name)
 Eubacteria
 Archaebacteria
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
Kingdom Monera
 Now divided into two new kingdoms
 Eubacteria examples normal flora, some
pathogens, food culturing bacteria
 Archaebacteria

Prokaryotes with unusual lipids in their cell
membrane
Types of Archaebacteria
 Methanogens- swamps- produce
methane gas
 Thermophiles- live in hot water
 Halophiles- live in very salty
environment
Multicellular organisms
 Colonial- group of
cells that
permanently live
together but do
not coordinate
activities Example
Volvox
 Aggregates Cells that live
together
temporarily
then separate
 Exampleslime mold
True Multicellular Organisms
 Activities of cells are coordinated
 Cells are in contact with one another
 Cells specialize in different functions
 Differentiation- process by which cells
become specialized in form and
function
Kingdom Protista- the protists
 Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants or
animals
 May be auto or heterotroph
 May be unicellular or multicellular
 6 general groups
Psudopods
 Move by pseudopodia
 Move by extension of
cytoplasm
 Example- amoeba
Flagellates
 Move by means of tail-
like flagella
 Example- Euglena
Diatoms
 Shell made of silica
 glasslike
Algae (photosynthetic)
 Different kinds of
chlorophyll
 Different colors
Funguslike
 Slime molds and water
molds
Sporeforming
 Have resistant
structure (spore)
 Can survive long
periods of bad
conditions
Kingdom Fungi
 Structure is plantlike
but no chlorophyll
 3 types based on
reproductive structure
Zygomycetes
 Use zygospores to
reproduce
 Example- bread mold
Basidiomycetes
 Use mushrooms to
reproduce
Ascomycetes
 Sexual spores in sacs
called asci
 Example: Truffles
Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
 Have specialized cells organized into structures
 Tissues- cells with common structure and function
(muscle, nerve)
 Organs-group of tissues with specialized function
(Heart, Lung)
 Organ system- group of organs that carry out major
body functions( circulatory, digestive)
Plants
 Photosynthetic –primary producers, release oxygen
 Cell walls
 4 types
 Some plants have vascular tissues- carry water and
nutrients throughout the plant
Non vascular plants
 Without a well
developed system of
vascular tissues
 Lack true roots, stems
and leaves
 Example- mosses
Seedless vascular
 Have roots, stems and
leaves
 Waxy covering
 Reproduce with spores
 Example- ferns
Non Flowering seed
 Vascular
 Seeds but no flowers
 Example- pine
Flowering seed
 Vascular
 Produce flowers and
seeds
 Example- rose, grass,
oak
Animals
 Diverse in form
 Invertebrates- no backbone
 Vertebrates- have a backbone
 6 categories
Sponges and Cnidarians
 No tissue
 Specialized cells
 Examples- jellyfish,
corals and sponges
Mollusks
 Saclike tissue called
coelem that encloses
internal organs
 Examples clams,
octopus, squid
Giant Squid
Worms
 Cylinder shaped body
 Aquatic and terrestrial
 Some are segmented
 Example- earthworms
Arthropods
 2/3 of all animals,
mostly insects
 External skeletons
 Jointed appendages
 Antennae
 Jaws
Echinoderms
 Invertebrates
 Can regenerate lost
limbs
 Sea stars, sea urchins,
sand dollars
Vertebrates
 Internal skeleton
 Backbone with spinal
cord, skull and brain
 Examples, mammals,
fish, birds, reptiles,
amphibians
SIX KINGDOMS
 1) Archaebacteria
 2) Eubacteria
 3) Protists
 4) Fungi
 5) Plants
 6) Animals