1.
2.
3.
4.
www.ebsi.co.kr
Part
01
Type 1
Writing is a love-hate relationship. You start out hating everything you’re writing, and end
up blinded by love for every word you’ve put on paper, or the other way around. So how can
end up + ~ ing/ ~ed
you analyze your own work without prejudice? There are certain things you can do to gain
some perspective. In order to judge your own work objectively, you must get distance.
Putting your work away for a while sometimes weeks or months can allow you to come
back not so enamored by it. Falling in love with a new piece of material can also help. It
gives you a chance to read it almost as if it’s someone else’s. This is the first, and perhaps
most important step, because
is the greatest enemy for evaluating your own
writing.
busyness
ignorance
indifference
familiarity
complexity
Points to Master
You start out hating everything [you’re writing], and end up blinded by love / for every word [you’ve put on paper],
S
V1
V2
or the other way around.
start out end up
everything every word
6
and
that
hating ~
which
blinded ~
www.ebsi.co.kr
Type 2
The inhabitants of the earth are divided not only by race, nation, religion or ideology, but
also, in a sense, by
. Examining the present populations of the
= when we exam
globe, we find a tiny group who still live, hunting and food-foraging, as men did millennia
= lived
ago. Others, the vast majority of mankind, depend not on bear-hunting or berry-picking, but
on agriculture. They live, in many respects, as their ancestors did centuries ago. These two
groups taken together compose perhaps 70 percent of all living human beings. They are the
people of the past. By contrast, somewhat more than 25 percent of the earth’s population can
be found in the industrialized societies. They lead modern lives. They are products of the
first half of the twentieth century, molded by mechanization and mass education, brought up
= and they are molded
with lingering memories of their own country’s agricultural past. They are, in effect, the
people of the present.
their position in time
differences in language
the degree of education
their political priorities
the prospect of change
Points to Master
Examining the present populations of the globe, we find a tiny group [ who still live, hunting and food-foraging,
S
V
O
as men did millennia ago].
S’
V’
Examining
When we examine
hunting and food-foraging
as
food-foraging
hunting and
as
They are products of the first half of the twentieth century, molded by mechanization and mass education, brought
S
V
C
up with lingering memories / of their own country’s agricultural past.
molded
brought
products
of ~ past
lingering memories
7
Type 3
I had been accustomed to stage work, and I wanted to use a particular light effect, which I
had used in the theater, for a film I was then shooting. In the scene in question, a spy came
creeping through a curtain, and in order to make the effect more mysterious, I decided to
light only half the spy’s face and to leave the rest in darkness. I looked at the result on the
screen and found it extraordinarily effective. I was so pleased with this trick of lighting that I
used it throughout the film; that is, I used spotlights from one side or the other a method
which is now freely practiced. After I had sent the film to the distributor’s office I got a
telegram from the manager that surprised me considerably. It ran: ‘Have you gone mad? Do
you suppose we can sell a film for its full price if
?’
it isn’t up-to-date enough
you only show half a man
it doesn’t have special effects
you insert any ideology into it
it doesn’t fit to the predefined design
Points to Master
In the scene in question, a spy came creeping / through a curtain, and in order to make the effect more mysterious,
S1
V1
I decided to light only half the spy’s face / and to leave the rest in darkness.
S2
V2
O1
O2
to
come -ing
to light to leave
to
make
more mysterious
decided
I was so pleased with this trick of lighting / that I used it throughout the film; that is, I used spotlights / from one
S
V
side or the other
pleased with ~
(dash)
8
S’
V’
O’
a method [which is now freely practiced].
so ~ that
so pleased with ~ that
it
this trick of lighting
www.ebsi.co.kr
Type 4
A firm’s researchers have learned a great deal by watching many parents changing their
babies. During one study, they realized that most moms and dads struggled to hold their
babies still while reaching for the diaper, wipes, articles of clothing, and the like. The
= they were reaching
problem became particularly acute for parents who were “on the go,” changing their infants
= intense
at a location outside the home.
, the firm redesigned its travel pack for baby
(A)
wipes. The new packaging enables parents to remove a wipe with only one hand, thus
enabling the moms and dads to always keep their other hand on the child.
, the
(B)
= it enables
company’s researchers watched as parents had difficulty opening the baby wash bottle while
bathing their children because they had only one hand free. Again, the firm redesigned the
bottle so that a parent could open it and dispense the liquid with only one hand.
(A)
However
However
Therefore
Therefore
In other words
(B)
For instance
Nonetheless
Similarly
For instance
Similarly
Points to Master
During one study, they realized [that most moms and dads struggled / to hold their babies still / while reaching
S
V
S’
V’
= while they were reaching
for the diaper, wipes, articles of clothing, and the like].
realized
(B)
that that ~ like
still
while
they be
hold
were
hold
, the company’s researchers watched [as parents had difficulty / opening the baby wash bottle / while
S
V
S’1
V’1
O’1
= while they were bathing
bathing their children / because they had only one hand free].
S’2
as
because ~ free
V’2
O’2
they be
because
were
had
while bathing their children
free
had
9
Type 5
In earlier times the term art was used to distinguish works of art from works of nature; that
is, all humanly made things were works of art. This implies that artists were not previously
differentiated from artisans, which was appropriate given that almost everyone worked by
copying or borrowing and that individuality was not expected or highly valued. Artists were
often directed in what to do and when to do it. J. S. Bach, for example, was a church
composer who had to produce new music on a weekly basis. Between 1704 and 1744 he
composed 300 church cantatas, only one of which was published in his lifetime. Domenico
Scarlatti, a contemporary of Bach wrote more than 600 harpsichord sonatas for Maria
Barbara, who became the queen of Spain. Only 30 were published during his lifetime. It
means that artists could not
by the mid-1700s.
leave their home country
establish their independence
spend money on education
hide their lack of knowledge
be allowed to enter the court
Points to Master
This implies [that artists were not previously differentiated from artisans, which was appropriate / given that
S
V
S’
V’
almost everyone worked by copying or borrowing / and that individuality was not expected or highly valued].
given
which
that
10
artists were not previously differentiated from artisans
and
given
www.ebsi.co.kr
Type 6
Children think of their potential future occupations in terms of what they will be
= job
(firefighters, teachers, doctors, behavioral economists, or what have you), not about the
= the like
amount of money they will earn. Among adult Americans, “What do you do?” has become
as common a component of an introduction as the anachronistic “How do you do?” once
was. This suggests that our jobs are an integral part of our
, not merely a way to
(A)
(a common component)
make money in order to keep a roof over our heads and food in our mouths. It seems that
many people find pride and meaning in their jobs. In contrast, the basic economic model of
labor generally treats working men and women as rats in a maze: work is assumed to be
, and all the rat (person) wants to do is to get to the food with as little effort as
(B)
(that)
possible and to rest on a full belly for the most time possible.
anachronistic
(A)
identity
identity
strategy
culture
culture
(B)
annoying
substantial
annoying
substantial
constant
Points to Master
Among adult Americans, “ What do you do ?” / has become / as common a component of an introduction [ as
S
V
C
the anachronistic ”How do you do?” once was].
S’
as
a an
V’
as S V
as
as
~ all [the rat (person) wants to do] / is to get to the food / with as little effort as possible / and to rest on a full belly
S
V
C1
C2
/ for the most time possible .
all
-able -ible
that
to get ~ possible
to rest ~ possible
11
Type 7
Older people are even more likely to react strongly against any further acceleration of
= a lot, still, far, much
change. There is a solid mathematical basis for the observation that age often correlates
with conservatism:
. When a fifty-year-old father tells his
fifteen-year-old son that he will have to wait two years before he can have a car of his own,
that interval of 730 days represents a mere 4 percent of the father’s lifetime to date. It
represents over 13 percent of the boy’s lifetime. It is hardly strange that to the boy the delay
seems three or four times longer than to the father. Similarly, two hours in the life of a fouryear-old may be the felt equivalent of twelve hours in the life of her twenty-four-year-old
mother. Asking the child to wait two hours for a piece of candy may be the equivalent of
asking the mother to wait twelve hours for a cup of coffee.
the meaning of age varies across cultures
time passes more swiftly for the old
you can’t teach an old dog new tricks
one is able to add formulas to knowledge
we can’t reach old age by another man’s road
Points to Master
[When a fifty-year-old father tells his fifteen-year-old son / that he will have to wait two years / before he can have
S’1
V’1
tells
S’2
V’2
S’3
V’3
a car of his own], that interval of 730 days represents / a mere 4 percent of the father’s lifetime to date.
S
V
O
that
interval
before ~ own
that ~ days
that
It is hardly strange [that to the boy / the delay seems three or four times longer than to the father].
V
It
12
C
S’
that ~ father
V’
than
C’
to the boy
to the father
that
www.ebsi.co.kr
Type 8
Hospitalized patients often display subtle warning signs six to eight hours before a cardiac
arrest. During this time, small problems begin to arise, such as changes in heart rate, blood
pressure, and mental status.
, hospital personnel do not necessarily notice the
(A)
symptoms. If they notice a problem, they often try to address it on their own, rather than
on one's own = by oneself = 스스로, 혼자서
bringing their concerns to the attention of others. One study found that two-thirds of patients
exhibited warning signs, such as an abnormally high or low heart rate, within six hours of a
cardiac arrest, yet nurses and other staff members brought these problems to the attention of
= but
a doctor in only 25% of those situations.
, staff members wait too long to bring
(B)
these small problems to the attention of others. Meanwhile, the patient’s health continues to
deteriorate during this window of opportunity when an intervention could perhaps prevent a
= worsen
crisis.
cardiac arrest
(A)
However
However
Moreover
Moreover
For example
(B)
In short
Similarly
Instead
In short
Instead
Points to Master
One study found [that two-thirds of patients exhibited warning signs, such as an abnormally high or low heart rate,
S
V
S’1
V’1
O’1
within six hours of a cardiac arrest, yet nurses and other staff members brought these problems / to the attention
S’2
V’2
O’2
of a doctor / in only 25% of those situations].
found
yet
bring ~ to one’s attention
13