AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 4 QUIZ FOCUS
1. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (DEFINE)
2. PRE-NATAL PERIOD
a. DIFFERENCES
i. ZYGOTE
ii. EMBRYO
iii. FETUS
b. TEROTGENS (DEFINE)
i. ALCOHOL (FAS)
ii. SMOKING
3. NEWBORNS
a. ROOTING REFLEX
b. HABITUATION vs. DISHABITUATION
c. MEMORY NOT BEFORE THE AGE OF 3-ALSO NEURAL NETWORKS (CONNECTIONS IN THE
ASSOCIATED AREAS ,SUCH AS BROKOW’S AREAS, DEVELOPED LAST-HENCE LANGUAGE
SKILLS DEVELOP LATER THAN OTHER MOTOR SKILLS.
d. MATURATION-WHAT IT IS –THIS SEQUENCE OF BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON IT
4. PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (REMEMBER WHAT COGNITIVE IS)-HANDOUT
a. ASSIMILATION VS. ACCOMMODATION
b. STAGES
i. SENSORIMOTOR (BIRTH TO 2 YEARS)
1. SENSES AND REFLEXES
2. OBJECT PERM.
3. STRANGER AND SEPARATION ANXIETY
4. NEW FACES DO NOT FIT IN FAMILIAR FACES SCHEMA-ALSO BECAUSE
OF OBJECT PERM. CHILDREN REALIZE THAT THEIR PARENTS ARE STILL
THEIR PARENTS EVEN WHEN THE ARE GONE.
ii. PRE-OPERATIONAL (2-7)
1. EGOCENTRISM AND SYMBOLIC THINKING (SYMBOLISM)
iii. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-11)
1. CONSERVATION-CONCRETE LOGIC (MATH) REVERSIBILITY
iv. FORMAL (12-AND BEYOND)
1. METACOGNITION AND ABSTRACT LOGIC
5. CRITICS OF PIAGET
a. TOM: THEORY OF MIND
6. HARRY HARLOW EXPERIMENTS-BODY CONTACT CREATES ATTACHMENT NOT FEEDING
a. SECURE VS. INSUCURE ATTACHMENTS
b. SECURE ATTACHMENTS= ADOLESCENTS WITH POSITIVE SELF CONCEPT AND SELF
ESTEEM-INFANTS USE MOM AS A BASE TO EXPLORE-EXPLORATION
c. INSECURE-THE OPPOSITE HAPPENS
7. FOSTER CARE: LACK OF ATTACHMENT CAUSES SOME DISTRESS, BUT CAN BE OVERCOME:
“WHEN MOVED TO AN ADOPTED FAMILY THAT IS CARING AND STABLE-SOME DISTRESS BUT
BY AGE 10 NO MALADJUSTMENT.
8. Parenting types and types of children they produce
Authoritarian-rules/severe discipline/lack of explanation-leads to children who struggle with
decision making-socially withdrawn-lack curiosity
• Permissive-lack of rules-limited discipline-warmth-leads to children with limited impulse
control-fail to take on responsibility-are generous
• Authoritative-best form-rules and discipline-but with explanation and warmth leads to children
who are independent and have a positive self-image (concept)
9. ADOLESCENCE
a. PUBERTY-GIRLS AROUND 11/BOYS AROUND 13 (AKA PERIOD WHEN SEXUAL MATURITY
BEGINS TO INDEPENDENT ADULTHOOD
b. PRIMARY (PREPRODUCTIVE) SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS VS. SECONDARY (NONREPRODUCTIVE)-BOTH ARE DEVELOPING
c. HALLMARKS: FEMALES= MENARCHE MALES = SPERM DEVELOPMENT AND FIRST
EJACULATION
d. SEQUENCE MORE PREDICTABLE THAN TIMING
i. TIMING CAN HAVE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
1. EARLY DEVELOPING BOYS MORE ASSERTIVE, POPULAR-SELF ASSURED)
2. GIRLS WHO MATURE EARLY MAY GET UNWANTED ATTENTION
e. ALSO MOVE INTO FORMAL OPERATIONS WITH MORE ABSTRACT LOGIC AND
METACOGNITION.
•
10. KOHLBERG: MORAL DEVELOPMENT (SEE HANDOUT)
• PRE-CONVENTIONAL (7-10)-authority figures indicate right vs wrong-choices based on
reward/punishment
• CONVENTIONAL (10-16): follow rules (because they are “rules) and meet other expectations
as part of decision making (different from reward-punishment)
• POST-CONVENTIONAL(16 AND BEYOND: Develop our own sense of morality-rules not
taken as literally as before-can be broken depending on the situation (does not mean that this is
right-just means people make these decisions at this stage)
11. ERICKSON: PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: ABILITY TO INTERACT WITH
OTHERS AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURES WE LIVE IN.
a. TRUST V MISTRUST (BIRTH TO 1)
♣ IS THE WORLD FRIENDLY OR HOSTILE
♣ POSITIVE OUTCOMES ARE TRUST AND HOPEFULNESS
o AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3)
♣ CONTROL OF BODILY FUNCTIONS
♣ MASTERY OF TOILET TRAINING, WALKING ETC..
o INITIATIVE VS GUILT ( 3-6)
♣ TAKING INITIATIVE
♣ OUTCOME-SENSE OF PURPOSE
o INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12)
♣ SENSE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT/PRIDE IN WORK
♣ PRODUCES A SENSE OF COMPETENCE
o IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (ADOLESCENCE) *****
♣ SEARCH FOR IDENTITY-WHAT TYPE OF PERSON AM I GOING TO BE
♣ FIDELITY-BEING HONEST WITH YOURSELF
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (EARLY ADULTHOOD)
♣ ATTEMPT TO FORM LOVING AND LASTING RELATIONSHIPS
♣ IF SUCCESSFUL WE CAN DEVELOP INTIMACY-MATURE
RELATIONSHIPS
♣ IF NOT-THEN HARD TO DEVELOP INTIMACY-FEAR CLOSE
RELATIONSHIPS
o GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (MIDDLE ADULTHOOD)
♣ STRUGGLE TO BE PRODUCTIVE INDIVIDUALLY AND CONTRIBUTE
TO THE NEXT GENERATION (WORK, MEANINGFUL WORK AND
OFTEN PARENTING-DOES NOT HAVE BE HAVING CHILDREN)
♣ TRYING TO “LEAVE OUR MARK” ON THE WORLD
o INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (OLD AGE)
♣ COMING TO TERMS WITH ONE’S LIFE
♣ POSITIVE OUTCOME IS WISDOM
♣ NEGATIVE OUTCOME IS BITTERNESS
12. ADOLESENT SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
a. ****IDENTITY FORMATION: WHAT KIND OF PERSON AM I GOING TO BE
b. KNOWING WHO YOU ARE ALLOWS YOU TO START TO FORM CLOSE
RELATIONSHIPS
c. MALES OFTEN DEVELOP IDENTITY BASED ON ACCOMPLISHMENTS
d. FEMALES BASED ON SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
e. SEEN IN STUDIES OF CHILDREN PLAYING (SINGLE GENDER
EDUCAITON0
13. AS WOMEN REACH ADULTHOOD CONFLICT BETWEEN WORK AND FAMILY
BECOMES MORE ACUTE.
14. AGING: ADULTHOOD THROUGH OLD AGE
a. PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES: STRENGTH, REACTION TIME, ENDURANCE
ETC… PEAK IN MID-20s (HEALTHY HABITS CAN SLOW DECLINE)
b. WOMEN EXPERIENCE “MENOPAUSE” WITHIN A FEW YEARS OF 50
c. MEN HAVE NO EQUIVILENT EXPERIENCE: BUT DO EXPERIENCE DECLINES
IN SPERM COUNT, TESTOSTERONE (LOW T)-EFFECTS SOME SEXUALITYHENCE THE REASON FOR VIAGARO AND RELATED MEDICATION.
o
15. LIFE EXPECTANCY AND OLD AGE
a. SENIOR CITIZENS (65 AND OLDER) MOST RAPIDLY GROWING SEGMENT OF OUR
POPULATION
b. SENSES DECLINE WITH AGE
c. BUT WHILE LIFE THE THREAT OF “LIFE-THREATENING” ILLNESS/DISEASE
INCREASES-INCREASE EXPOSURE INCREASES IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SHORT
TERM ILLNESS.
d. WHILE BRAIN CELL NUMBER DETERIORATES-ACTIVE USE OF BRAIN SLOWS AND
DOES HELP MAINTAIN NEURAL CONNECTIONS
e. DEMENTIA: BRAIN EROSION (STROKES, ALCOHOLISM, TUMORS ETC)
f. DEMENTIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALZHEIMERS
g. DECLINE IN ABILITIES : MEMORY-REASONING-LANGUAGE-PYSICAL
h. ALZHEIMERS CAUSED BY A DECLINE IN PRODUCTION OF AcH (ACETLCHOLINE
i. RECALL VS. RECOGNITION
j. VERBAL INTELLIGENCE: CROSS SECTIONAL VS. LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
k. FLUID INTELLIGENCE:REASONING-DECREASES WITH AGE-WHERE AS CI
INCREASE
l. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE: ACCUMULATED KNOWLEDGE/VERBAL
SKILLS
m. SOCIAL CLOCK- “PROPER AGES FOR CERTAIN LIFE EVENTS-CULTURE TO CULTURE
n.
o.
LIFE SATISFACTON: SIMILAR LEVELS REGARDLESS OF AGE-EMOTIONS LESS
INTENSE BUT GREAT DURATION.
EMPTY NEST: DOES IT REALLY OCCUR: MOST PARENTS REPORT INCREASED
HAPPINESS