Chapter 3 Communities and Biomes
3.1 Communities and Biomes
A. Living in the Community- Each organism has special ___________________ that enable them to
maintain ___________________ and better survive a particular ecosystem. Biotic and abiotic factors must
be tolerated in order to ___________________ in certain climates?
1. _______________ ________________ - any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts reproduction or
distribution of organisms. Ex: drought,
famine, predation, temperature, space…
2. ____________of _____________ – The
ability of a organism to withstand
fluctuations in ________ and
___________factors.
Ex: catfish can stand warmer waters then
trout
B. _________________: ________________over time can occur within an ecosystem. Natural disasters
(ex: volcanoes, fires…) and human interactions (ex: clear cutting) can alter the landscape.
___________________ ___________________ colonize new sites by wind, water and animals. Over time,
________________ builds up and plants can take root.
1. _____________ ______________- The colonization of __________ sites by communities of
organisms (ex: moss, lichen). Ex: ________ flow cooling and forming new rock
a. ____________ ________________- A ________, mature ___________________ that undergoes
little or ____ ____________ in species. Ex: old growth forests
2. _______________ _____________- The sequence of community changes that take place after a
community is disrupted by __________disasters or human ___________ (ex: volcano , forest fire)
3.2 Biomes – are determined by sunlight, ________________, precipitation, wind patterns and soil type.
A. Aquatic Biomes: Life in the water
a. ____________- A large group of ecosystems
that share the same type of climax communities
1. Marine Biomes
a. Photic zone- the region shallow enough for
____________ to ___________________
b. Aphotic zone- _________ __________ that
never receive sunlight
2. A mixing of waters
a. __________ a coastal body of water, surrounded by land in which fresh water and salt water mix
3. The effects of the tides
a. Intertidal zone – the portion of ________-____________ that lies between high and low tides
4. In the light
a. _______________- small organisms of the photic zone
5. In the dark – 90% of the _________ is more than 1 Km deep (limited light, crushing pressure)
6. ___________________biomes ( rivers, lakes, ponds, etc…water w/out salt)
B. ___________________Biomes (Land based biomes)
1. ____________– a treeless land w/ long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight (near the
______________) - Temperatures rarely rise above freezing - Shallow topsoil layer thaws in summer
a). ___________________– permanently frozen ground
2. ___________________– south of the tundra around 60˚ N. latitude- Called the “northern
coniferous forest” - long, severe winters, short mild summers
3. ___________________– arid region with sparse to almost nonexistent plant life
- less than 25 cm of rain annually
4. ___________________- an area that receives 25-75 cm of precipitation annually and is covered
w/ grass -(USA, Canada, Australia = “prairies”, Russia = “steppes”, Africa = “savannas”, Argentina = “pampas”)
5. _________________ forest – dominated by broad-leaved hardwood deciduous trees
- precipitation ranges 70 – 150 cm annually
6. _____________ ______ forests – located near the equator w/ warmer temperatures, wet weather, and
lush plant growth - Temperatures about 25 C annually - Receive 200 – 600 cm rain annually - Most diverse biome