Name __________________________________________
Midterm.Review.Fill-ins
Date __________
Directions: Use the word banks provided to complete the following statements.
The Microscope
1.
The process of enlarging the image of a specimen is called magnification.
2.
A/An microscope is an instrument that makes small objects look larger.
3.
A compound microscope uses two or more convex lenses. Each convex lens bends light to
make the object appear larger.
4.
The best way to carry a microscope is to hold the arm and the base.
5.
The place where the specimen is placed for viewing is called the stage.
6.
A light microscope uses a/an light source to view objects.
7.
Resolution is the ability of a microscope to focus on two separate, very close objects at the
same time.
8.
An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to produce magnification.
9.
The scientist, whose name is most associated with the early use of the microscope and the
discovery of microbes, living, single-celled organisms, is Anton von Leeuwenhoek. He
observed cells that were alive – living, singled-celled organisms.
1
Cells
1. All living things are made of small units called cells.
.
2. The scientist whose name is most associated with the identification and naming of cells is
Robert Hooke.
He discovered cells that were actually dead in a slice of cork.
3.
The organelle responsible for turning food and oxygen into energy is the mitochondrion.
4.
The organelle responsible for assembling proteins is the ribosome. They are tiny grain-like
structures.
5.
The organelle responsible for storing food, water, wastes, and other materials is the vacuole.
6.
The organelle responsible for controlling all the activities of the cell is then nucleus.
7.
The organelle responsible for packaging proteins is the Golgi body.
8.
The structure responsible for controlling what goes in and what goes out of the cell is the cell
membrane.
9.
The organelle responsible for transporting proteins is the endoplasmic reticulum.
10.
The organelle responsible for releasing chemicals that break down large food molecules and
waste products in the cell into smaller molecules is the lysosome.
11.
The organelle in which photosynthesis takes place is the chloroplast.
12.
All living things are made of cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all
living things. All cells come from other living cells. These ideas make up The Cell Theory.
13.
There are two types of cells. Cells that do not have their genetic material enclosed in a
nucleus are called prokaryotic (prokaryotes). Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Cells that do
have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus are called eukaryotic. Plants, animals, fungi,
and protists are eukaryotic (eukaryotes).
14.
Prokaryotic cells like bacteria cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
15.
Some organisms are single-celled. Other organisms are multi-celled. multicellular
organisms tend to have different shapes and sizes of cells.
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Chemistry of Life
1.
A/An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by
any typical means. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the elements that make
up the bulk of living things. Remember: CHON.
2.
A/An compound is a chemical combination of two or more elements.
3.
Elements come together to form compounds through the process of sharing or capturing
electrons. This process is called bonding.
4.
The chemical compounds that are associated with living things contain the element,
carbon. These compounds are called organic compounds.
5.
The major organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
6.
Sugars and starches are carbohydrates. Sugar molecules can be combined to form larger
molecules called starches. They provide fast energy.
7.
Lipids are fats, waxes, and oils. They provide stored energy.
8.
Proteins are made up building blocks called amino acids. Proteins are used by the body
for building, healing, and speeding chemical reactions.
9.
Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. They carry the instructions for all life
activities.
Cell Transport
1.
The process by which molecules move from an area where they are in a higher concentration
to an area where they are in a lower concentration is called diffusion, a form of passive
transport.
2.
Water diffuses through a selectively permeable cell membrane by a special process called
osmosis, another form of passive transport.
3.
Both diffusion and osmosis are forms of passive transport during which a cell does not have
to use any energy.
4.
A method of cell transport that requires a cell to use energy to move materials from one area
to another is called active transport.
3
Cell Processes
1.
The process responsible for producing most of Earth’s oxygen is photosynthesis.
2.
Almost all life on Earth depends on photosynthesis.
3.
The raw materials of photosynthesis are water and carbon dioxide.
4.
The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.
5.
The green pigment, chlorophyll is packaged in small organelles called chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll captures light energy of the sun to power the process of photosynthesis.
6.
Organisms that produce their own food during photosynthesis are called autotrophs.
7.
The small holes on the undersides of leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter are called
stomata.
8.
Organisms that cannot produce their own food are called heterotrophs.
9.
Cellular respiration in the process by which cells break down simple food molecules to
release the energy they contain.
10.
Small amounts of energy are released during the respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm
of a cell. The stage of respiration that produces the greatest amount of energy takes place in
the mitochondria of cells.
11.
The raw materials of cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen.
12.
The products of cellular respiration are energy/ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
13.
Some cells are able to obtain energy from food without oxygen. This process is called
fermentation. This process does not produce as much energy as respiration.
14.
One type of fermentation takes place in the muscle cells of a human. When respiration cannot
provide enough energy to muscle cells after running fast or hard exercise, the cells begin to
use lactic-acid fermentation as a source of energy. Lactic acid fermentation does not produce
much energy and the lactic acid produces painful muscles.
15.
The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite and complementary.
This means that the products of one are the raw materials of the other.
4
The Cell Cycle and Cancer
1. The entire life of a cell from formation to division is called the cell cycle.
2. Entire cells divide to form exact copies of themselves during the process of cell division.
3. Most of a cell’s life is spent in the stage called interphase. During the last part of
interphase, the cell’s DNA replicates in preparation for cell division.
4. The final stage of cell division is called cytokinesis. During cytokinesis two new,
identical daughter cells are formed.
5. The part of the cell cycle that involves just the division of a nucleus into two identical
nuclei is called mitosis. (The phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.)
6. Mitosis is possible because DNA is a self-replicating molecule. It can zip down the
middle and produce complementary copies of each side.
7. The DNA molecule is called a double helix. It looks like a twisted ladder or a spiral
staircase.
8. Each rung of the “ladder” is made up of pairs of nitrogen bases.
9. Prior to mitosis, all of the DNA in a cell makes copies of itself so that the two resulting
daughter cells will be identical to the parent cell. This process is called replication.
10. Cancer is a group of over 100 diseases in which some body cells grow and divide
uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.
11. A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and
grown uncontrollably.
12. Cancer can spread when cells break off a tumor and are carried through the body by the
bloodstream.
13. There are three main ways of treating cancer. Surgery removes the cancerous tumors;
radiation kills the cancer cells with high energy beams; chemotherapy kills cancer cells
with drugs.
14. Some cancers are preventable. For example, the use of tobacco (smoking) is the major
cause of lung cancer.
15. Another factor that may lead to as many cancer deaths as tobacco is an unhealthy diet.
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Word Banks
Microscope
resolution
magnification
nosepiece
Robert Hooke
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
diaphragm
light
convex
electrons
microscope
stage
arm
Cells
unicellular
eukaryotic
prokaryotic
Mathias Schleiden
Robert Hooke
ribosome
cell theory
chloroplast
mitochondrion
nucleus
vacuole
lysosome
Golgi body
cell membrane
cell wall
endoplasmic reticulum
cells
multicellular
smaller
larger
Chemistry of Life
DNA
element
compound
amino acids
organic
inorganic
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
grouping
6
bonding
Cell Transport
passive
osmosis
energy
passive
diffusion
active
Cell Processes
opposite
oxygen
lactic acid
glucose
fermentation
chlorophyll
energy
chloroplasts
autotrophs
heterotrophs
oxygen
stomata
mitochondria
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
cytoplasm
water
Cell Cycle and Cancer
unhealthy diet
tobacco
cell division
bloodstream
cell cycle
chemotherapy
interphase
replicates
tumor
cytokinesis
daughter
100
1000
mitosis
replication
nitrogen
DNA
RNA
double helix
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
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