МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
ІЗМАЇЛЬСЬКИЙ ІНСТИТУТ ВОДНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ
Кафедра сучасних мов і гуманітарних дисциплін
Шиляєва Т.В.
МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ
ДО ВИВЧЕННЯ ДИСЦИПЛІНИ
“Порівняльна лексикологія ”
для студентів 3 курсу (денне відділення)
Ізмаїл 2011-2012
PLANS OF THE SEMINARS IN COMPARATIVE LEXICOLOGY
Theme І
ETYMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN
VOCABULARY
The aim is: to examine the etymology of the English and Ukrainian vocabulary and its historical
development, the comparative importance of native and borrowed elements in replenishing the English
and Ukrainian vocabulary.
The tasks are:
to differenciate words of native origin and borrowings;
to discriminate between the source of borrowing and origin of the word;
taking into consideration the pronunciation of the word, its morphological structure and lexical meaning
to determine whether the word belongs to the borrowed element;
to analyze the type and degree of assimilation of borrowings;
to observe the influence of borrowings on the word-structure and the system of word-building, the
phonetic structure of words and the sound system, on the semantic structure of words and their stylistic
characteristics;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for Discussion
1. The composite nature of the English vocabulary. Words of native origin (words of the Indo-European
stock, of common Germanic stock, the English proper element) and their semantic characteristics,
collocability, derivational potential.
2. The composite nature of the Ukrainian vocabulary.
3. Borrowings. Causes and ways of borrowing. The elements of Early Latin. Borrowings from the
Scandinavian language. The Norman Conquest and Norman borrowings. The fourth layer of the Latin
borrowings. The Greek element in the English vocabulary. Lexical borrowings of the Renaissance period.
Various other elements in the English vocabulary. Russian and Ukrainian borrowings in the English
vocabulary. Etymological doublets. International words.
4. Criteria of borrowings. Assimilation of borrowings. Type of assimilation (phonetic, grammatical and
lexical assimilation of borrowing). Degree of assimilation (complete, partial, lack of assimilation) and
factors determining it. Interrelation between native and borrowed elements.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
NATIVE
BORROWING
TRANSLATION
LOANS
SOURCE OF
BORROWING
ORIGIN OF
BORROWING
ASSIMILATION
is a word which belongs to the original English stock, as
known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old
English period.
is a word taken over from another language and also the
process of adopting words from other languages.
are words and expressions formed from the material
already existing in the British language lent according to
patterns taken from another language, by way of literal or
morpheme-for-morpheme or word-for-word translation
(e.g. wall-paper –стінна газета).
the language from which this or that particular word was
taken into English.
the language the word may be traced to.
a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical
and morphological standards of the receiving language and
its semantic system.
BARBARISMS
ETYMOLOGICAL
DOUBLETS
INTERNATIONAL
WORDS
words from other languages used by English people in
conversation or in writing but not assimilated in any way,
and for which there are corresponding English equivalents
(e.g. Italian ‘addio’, ‘ciao’ – English ‘good-bye’).
two or more words of the same language which were
brought by different routes from the same basic word.
They differ to a certain degree in form, meaning and
current usage.
words of identical origin that occur in several languages as
a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from
one ultimate source.
.
Required Reading
Obligatory:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – M., 1973, pp. 248-256.
2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M., 1979, pp. 160-175.
3. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник
для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 «Иностр. яз.». – М.: Высшая школа, 1985, C. 34-59.
4. Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мов. – Нова книга,2003,с. 120124
5. Ніколенко А.Г. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Нова книга, 2007.
Optional:
1. Aмосова Н.Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка.
М., 1956.
2. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (Практический курс). М., 1977, С. 143-154.
3. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов (на
англ. яз.). – 2-е изд. – Л.: Просвещение, 1975, pp.172-192.
4. Мостовий М.І. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Х., 1993, C. 151-174.
5. Раєвська Н.М. English Lexicology. – K., 1971, C. 223-280.
6. Секирин В.П. Заимствования в английском языке. М.
Tasks and Exercises
1. Subdivide all the following words of native origin into a) Indo-European, b) Germanic, c)
English proper.
Daughter, woman, room, land, cow, moon, sea, red, spring, three, I, lady, always, goose, bear, fox, lord,
tree, nose, birch, grey, old, glad, daisy, heart, hand, night, to eat, to see, to make.
2. Below are given some etymological data for several everyday English words. Study their
origins and meanings (in dictionaries). From what language do you think each of them was
actually borrowed? What was the immediate source of borrowing?
BEAUTY n
ME beaute
OF from L ‘pretty’
CHARACTER n ME caracter OF caractere L Gr charakter ‘stamp, impress’
DEMAND v
OF demander L (de)mandare ‘order’
DOUBLE a
ME OF
L duplus (duo ‘two’)
DOUBT v
ME OF doute L dubitare ‘doubt’
MEDDLE v
ME OF Rom L miscere ‘mix’
PLANE n
IT L planus ‘flat’
PLEASE v
ME plaise OF plaisir L placere ‘please, placate’
PLEASURE n
REDUCE n
SENTIMENT n
UMBRELLA n
ME plesir OF plaisir
ME L (re)ducere (duct ‘bring’)
ME OF med L sentimentum (L sentire ‘feel’)
IT ombrella (dim.of ombra ‘shade’) L umbra ‘shade’
3. State from what languages the following words are borrowed. Comment on their meaning.
Alarm, algebra, anchor, artel, banana, bandura, cannibal, canoe, caravan, cargo, chimpanzee, chocolate,
cocoa, colonel, czar, devil, dollar, gorilla, guerilla, hopak, jungle, kangaroo, kindergarten, khaki, law,
lilac, machine, maize, mazurka, mule, nun, opera, pagoda, piano, potato, school, skipper, squaw, steppe,
tobacco, taboo, tomato, umbrella, verandah, verst, vanilla, violin, waltz, wigwam, zinc.
4. Explain the etymology of the following words. Write them out in three columns: a) fully
assimilated words; b) partially assimilated words; c) unassimilated words. Explain the reasons
for your choice in each case.
Pen, hors d’oeuvre, ballet, beet, butter, skin, take, cup, police, distance, monk, garage, phenomenon,
wine, large, justice, lesson, criterion, nice, coup d’etat, sequence, gay, port, river, loose, autumn, low,
uncle, law, convenient, lunar, experiment, skirt, bishop, regime, eau-de-Cologne, act, aim, arm, art, ball,
bank, baron, beauty, beef, bon mot, branch, brilliant, butcher, capital, captain, chauffeur, city, close,
colleague, command, commence, count, courage, crime, cry, decide, degree, delight, emperor, employee,
etiquette, exposure, face, fatigue, finance, foyer, fruit, gazette, genre, honour, hour, legal, leisure,
machine, measure, minister, monsieur, mutton, naive, nation, office, pass, pleasure, poet, restore.
5. Mind the following translation-loans. State the language they came from.
Blitzkrieg, bon mot, collective farm, Sisyphean labour, coup d’etat, enfant terrible, kindergarten,
leitmotiv, persona grata, prima donna, swan-song, tete-a-tete, Fatherland, blue-stocking, the fair sex,
wonder child, heel of Achilles, the moment of truth, mother tongue, Procrustean bed, five-year plan,
masterpiece, sword of Damocles.
6. Using a dictionary compare the meaning of the following pairs of words and explain why they
are called ‘etymological doublets’.
Abridge – abbreviate, artist – artiste, captain – chieftain, card – chart, cavalry – chivalry, catch –
chase, corps – corpse, canal – channel, gage – wage, hale– whole, hotel – hospital, legal – loyal, liquor
– liqueur, of – off, pauper – poor, raise – rear, rout – route, senior – sir, scar – share, skirt – shirt,
shadow – shade, suit – suite, salon – saloon, .
7. Comment on international words. Arrange the following international words into groups taking
into account the sphere of life and man’s activities they refer to: a) scientific, b) cultural, c)
technical, d) political.
Motor, sputnik, concert, constitution, evolution, phonetics, drama, parliament, decree, telegraph, meeting,
pact, melody, history, lecture, republic, tractor, allegro, revolution, radio, dialectics, formula, gas, nylon,
sport, club, bank, comedy, materialism, opera, jazz, civil, lyric, stadium, poet, analysis, cybernetics,
satellite, rector, idea, film, electron, biology, idealism, robot, computer, printer.
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
What is meant by the native element of English vocabulary?
How can you account for the fact that English vocabulary contains such an immense number of words of
foreign origin?
Which conditions stimulate the borrowing process?
Why are words borrowed?
What stages of assimilation do borrowings go through?
Comment on the interrelation between native and borrowed elements.
What do we understand by etymological doublets?
What do we understand by international words?
In what spheres of communication do international words frequently occur?
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
Інтернаціоналізми
Native
Borrowing
Translation loans
Source of borrowing
Origin of borrowing
Assimilation
Barbarisms
Etymological doublets
International words
Етимологічні дублети
Барбарізми
Асиміляція
Запозичення
Кальки
Походження слова
Джерело походження
Власномовна лексика
Theme ІI
VOCABULARY AS A SYSTEM
The aim is: to consider general characteristics of the English and Ukrainian word-stock at the present
stage of its development and to analyse the systemic character of the vocabulary.
The tasks are:
to investigate some debatable points connected with the problem of the number of vocabulary units in
English and Ukrainian;
to differenciate between the number of vocabulary units in Modern English word-stock and the number of
vocabulary items in actual use;
to analyze structural and semantic peculiarities of new vocabulary units;
to determine different types of grouping;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for discussion
1. General Characteristics of the English Word-Stock. Active and passive vocabulary. Development and
replenishment of Modern English vocabulary. Obsolete words, archaisms, historisms, neologisms.
Structural and semantic peculiarities of new vocabulary units. Number of vocabulary items in Modern
English and their usage.
2. The systemic character of the English and Ukrainian vocabulary and the problem of its classification.
Structural classification of lexicon (simple, derived, compound and compound derivatives). Stylistic
classification of the vocabulary (neutral, literary, colloquial). Literary (terms, learned words, elevated
words) and colloquial words and expressions (literary colloquial, familiar colloquial, low colloquial, folk
speech or dialect, slang, argot). The opposition of emotionally coloured and emotionally neutral
vocabulary.
3. Part-of-speech classification. Lexico-grammatical groups of words. Thematic and ideographic groups.
The theory of semantic field. Lexico-semantic groups of words. Synonyms. Criteria of synonymy. Types
of synonyms (ideographic, stylistic, absolute). The origin of synonyms. A concept of a synonymic
dominant.
4. Antonyms. Morphological classification of antonyms (absolute or root antonyms, derivational
antonyms). Semantic classification of antonyms(contradictories, contraries, incompatibles). Hyperohyponymic relations between words. Word families. Notional words and form words.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
VOCABULARY
the total word-stock of a language.
SYSTEM
ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
SET
STRUCTURED SET
FUZZY SET
EQUIVALENCE
LEXICOGRAMMATICAL
GROUP
LEXICO-SEMANTIC
GROUP
SEMANTIC FIELD
SYNONYMS
ANTONYMS
a set of elements associated and functioning
together according to central laws. It’s a coherent
homogeneous
whole,
constituted
by
interdependent elements of the same order related
in certain specific ways.
a system constantly adjusting itself to the changing
requirements
and
conditions
of
human
communications and cultural surroundings.
a collection of definite distinct objects to be
conceived as a whole.
the number of its elements is greater than the
number of rules according to which these elements
may be constructed.
the boundaries are not sharply delineated and the
sets themselves are overlapping.
the relation between two elements based on the
common feature due to which they belong to the
same set.
a set of words with a common lexico-grammatical
meaning, a common paradigm, the same
substituting elements and possibly a characteristic
set of suffixes rendering the lexico-grammatical
meaning. A subset of the part of speech several
lexico-grammatical groups constitute one part of
speech.
lexical group consisting of the same part of speech
covering one conceptual area.
part of reality singled out in human experience and
covered in a language by a more or less
autonomous lexical microsystem.
words that belong to the same part of speech,
different in sound form but similar in their
denotational meaning (or meanings) and
interchangeable at least in some contexts.
words belonging to the same part of speech,
different in sound form characterized by different
types of semantic contrast of the denotational
meaning.
HYPONYMY
semantic relationship of inclusion.
PARADIGM
the system of the grammatical forms of a word.
CONNOTATION
ACTIVE
VOCABULARY
PASSIVE
VOCABULARY
OBSOLETE WPRDS
the pragmatic communicative value the word
receives by virtue of where, when, how, by whom,
for what purpose and in what context it is or may
be used. The main types of connotations are:
stylistic, emotional, evaluative and expressive
(intensifying).
words which a person uses.
words which a person understands.
are words that drop out of the language altogether.
ARCHAISMS
when a word is no longer in general use but not
absolutely obsolete.
HISTORISMS
words denoting objects and phenomena which are
things of the past and no longer exist.
NEOLOGISMS
is any word or set expression, formed according to
the productive structural patterns or borrowed from
another language and felt by the speakers as
something new.
SIMPLE WORDS
their stem contains one free morpheme.
DERIVED WORDS
their stem contains no less than two morphemes of
which at least one is bound.
COMPOUND WORDS
consist of no less than two free morphemes.
COMPOUND
DERIVATIVES
consist of two free morphemes and one bound
referring to the whole combination.
EMOTIONALLY
COLORED WORDS
INTENSIFIERS
are words that convey or express emotion.
EVALUATORY
WORDS
they can not only indicate the presence of emotion
but also specify it.
EMOTIONALLY
NEUTRAL WORDS
express notions but do not say anything about the
state of the speaker or his mood.
THEMATIC GROUPS
include words belonging to the same part of speech
united by one theme or topic.
IDEOGRAPHIC
GROUPS
words of different parts of speech united by one
theme or topic.
convey special intensity to what is said, indicate
the special importance of the thing expressed.
Required Reading
Obligatory:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – M., 1973, pp. 24-29, 199-235.
2. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. A Course in Modern English Lexicology.
– M., 1979, pp. 51-64.
3. . Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мов. – Нова книга,2003,с. 5496
4. Ніколенко А.Г. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Нова книга, 2007.
O p t i o n a l:
1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник
для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 «Иностр. яз.». – М.: Высшая школа, 1985, C. 9-34, 142-173.
2. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (Практический курс). М., 1977, С. 120-143.
2. Вердиева З.Н. Семантические поля в современном английском языке. М., 1986.
3. Вимоман В.Г. Английская синонимика. М., 1980.
4. Мостовий М.І. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Х., 1993, C. 114-130, 174-197.
5. Rayevskaya N.M. English Lexicology. Kyev, 1979, pp. 174-220.
Tasks and Exercises
1. Comment on archaisms. Arrange the following archaic words into lexical and grammatical
archaisms.
Aught, belike, didst, dost, eke, ere, hast, hath, maiden, naught, quoth, shalt, steed, thee, thou, wert, woe.
2. Translate the following sentences. Pick out obsolete words and comment on them.
1. De Bracy blew his horn three times, and the archers who stood along the wall hastened to lower the
dragbridge and admit them (W. Scott). 2. Locksley, for such was the name of this yeoman, readily took
part in the archery contest and won the prize (W. Scott). 3. Their triumph was announced by the heralds,
the trumpeters and shouts of the spectators (W. Scott). 4. Each touched with the reverse of his lance the
shield of the antagonist whom he wished to oppose (W. Scott). 5. A narrow space between these galleries
and the lists was occupied chiefly by the yeomanry and the burghers (W. Scott). 6. On the platform
beyond the southern entrance were placed the five magnificent pavilions of the five knights who were the
challengers (W. Scott). 7. At each of these gates stood two heralds, attended by six trumpets and a strong
body of men-at-arms (W. Scott). 8. He looked like a strolling minstrel, for he carried a harp in his hand,
which he played, while his sweet tenor voice sang a merry love-song (W. Scott).
2. Group the following neologisms as to the ways of their formation. Consult the dictionary and
comment on their meaning. Give their Ukrainian equivalents.
Agro-industrial, audio-lingual, backpacker, beach, wagon, biotelemetry, black bluster, black shirt, bytime, chauffeuse, ecocide, ecogeography, epoxy, ethnoscience, facepack, hairstylist, halfday, listen-in,
microcopy, microcomputer, vitaminize, wonder, boy, work-fellow, to adultify, alffluenza, Amerenglish,
to arm-twist, arrestee, to awfulize, to babynap, bezzle, can-do, co-ims, to disimprove, eyeprint, gimmie,
gloomster, gofer, illiterature, JIT, kissy, mechatronics, picturesome, pol, to quietize, to reschedule,
squaerial, suspenser, to unimpress, white-knuckle.
3. Make distinction between neologisms and occasional words. Pick out occasional words from
the following sentences.
1. The theory is getting less and less defensible. 2. I can’t speak on TV, I’m camera shy. 3. They accused
the Administration spokesman of trying to sloganize the country out of the economic decline. 4. There are
many men in London who have no wish for the company of others. It is for the convenience of such
people that the Diogenes Club was started, and it now contains the most unsociable and unclubbable men
in town. 5. He was wived in Texas, and mother-in-lawed, and uncled, and aunted.
4. Classify the following words into root words, derivatives, compounds and compound
derivatives.
Writer, disappointment, deaf-mute, boyishness, break, wonderful, tree, book, unknown, notebook, egg,
go, handbook, re-write, high, bald-headed, cry, well-dressed, railroad, highly, black, effect,
morphologically, superman, open-hearted, honey-mooner, blackness, chocolate, good, readable, student,
root-word, effective, classification, toy, compare, theatre-goer, accordingly, unpleasant, bookworm,
classroom, highlight, blackboard, high-priced.
5. Arrange the following words in hierarchical series, using tree diagrams:
furniture, desk, chair, bed;
lecture, speech, ovation, sermon;
relative, person, uncle;
carrots, vegetable, food;
automobile, vehicle, sports car, sedan.
6. Describe some of the differences of emotive meanings in the following sets of words:
mother / mom;
father / daddy;
policeman / pig;
hell / Gehenna.
7. Find cases of meaning equivalence in the following sentences.
1. He is still spry at eighty: very lively and nimble. 2. The space ship was the peak, the top, the absolute
culmination of space-splitting speed. 3. “Why did you make a face?” “It’s that scent. I find it a bit too
much. It’s – well – ” “Well! What is it?” “I fancy indecent is the word I’m groping for.” “It happens to be
the most exclusive perfume on the market.” 4. On the surface he was exactly what she wanted in a son.
Tall, fair, good-looking, athletic, but not a bore, conventional, but not a prig, with good taste, but not in
any way ‘arty’. 5. Death alters everything. Death changes all. 6. I drifted back slowly into the pleasant
void of sleep where there weren’t any aches or pains. 7. To queries she was always ‘not so great’ – an
unspecified lack of health rather than any positive illness. 8. They were really furnished apartments, but
the lady always referred to them as a flat. 9. A lapse of the ling. A slip of the tongue. 10. Dorchester is a
delightfully peaceful place, nestling in stillnes and silence and drowsiness. 11. I did indeed propose a
personal interview, my dear Master, but I ought to have begged, entreated, beseeched it. 12. I shrieked,
Harris roared; George waved his hat, and yelled back.
8. Find antonyms for the words given below. Classify the words into affixal (derivational) and
root (absolute) antonyms. Translate the antonyms into Ukrainian.
Alike, alive, big, black, clean, clever, darkness, to die, dry, enemy, evil, ti give, good, joy, to laugh, life,
light, to love, narrow, old, to open, poor, quick, to reject, right, sad, slowly, strong, ugly, wet, wide,
young.
Active, artless, attentive, careful, convenient, descend, disarrange, discord, downstairs, employed, fruitful,
immature, impossible, misunderstand, order, outlet, painful, polite, pre-war, selfish, successful,
underestimate, unknown, useless.
9. Express the contrary meaning by using antonyms. State whether they are absolute or
derivational.
1. All the seats were occupied. 2. The room was lighted by the strong rays of the sun. 3. A lamp is a
necessary thing in this room. 4. The little boy was outside the car. 5. He drew a crooked line. 6. The
lesson seemed to be long and difficult. 7. On the tray there was a jug of cold water. 8. The coach was
empty of passengers. 9. Around the garden ran a high wall. 10. The book looked dull. 11. They chose a
cheap restaurant. 12. He was tall. 13. He opened the door. 14. He was sad again.
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
Which lexicological problems is the problem of number of vocabulary items connected with?
What is the difference between an obsolete and an archaic word?
What is a neologism? What is the difference between a neologism and an occassional word?
What are the structural and semantic peculiarities of the new vocabulary units?
How is it possible to regard the vocabulary of a language as an organized system? What are the
elements of such a system?
What structural types of words do we distinguish in English?
Why is the grouping of vocabulary into parts of speech called lexical-grammatical classification?
What are the main points of the semantic field theory?
What are the main approaches to the definition of synonyms? On what criteria are these definitions
based? Which aspects of these definitions are open to question?
What types of synonyms do you know? Give examples.
What are the characteristic features of the dominant synonym?
Which words do we usually classify as antonyms? Give your own examples of such words.
Which word is called a hyperonym and which is a hyponym? Give your own examples of hyperohyponymic relations.
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
System
Adaptive system
Set
Structured set
Fuzzy set
Equivalence
Lexico-grammatical
group
Lexico-semantic group
Semantic field
Synonym
Antonym
Hyponymy
Paradigm
Connotation
Active vocabulary
Passive vocabulary
Obsolete words
Archaisms
Historisms
Neologisms
Лексико-граматична
группа
Еквивалентність
Парадигма
Конотація
Семантичне поле
Система
Антонім
Адаптивна система
Синонім
Угрупування
Структуроване
угрупування
Гіпонімія
Невизначене угрупування
Лексико-семантична група
Ідеографічні групи
Складні слова
Емоційно нейтральні слова
Неологізми
Тематичні групи
Архаїзми
Simple words
Історизми
Derived words
Прості слова
Compound words
Емоційно забарвлені слова
Compound derivatives
Emotionally
words
Intensifiers
Evaluatory words
colored
Активний вокабуляр
Дериваційні складні слова
Пасивний вокабуляр
Похідні слова
Emotionally
neutral
Застарілі слова
words
Thematic groups
Слова-інтенсифікатори
Ideographic groups
Оцінні слова
Theme ІII
MORPHEMIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN WORDS
The aim is: to study word-structure, i.e. number, type and arrangement of morphemes in a word, as well
as to find out how different types of derivatives are constructed.
The tasks are:
to differenciate between the level of morphemic analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation
analysis;
to acquire skills in segmenting a word according to the method of IC and UC and determining number
and type of morphemes;
to acquire skills in derivational analysis of a word and determining a derivational base and its type, a
derivational affix and a derivational pattern of the word;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for discussion
1. Segmentation of words into morphemes. Principles of morphemic analysis. Procedure of morphemic
analysis, method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents. Morphemic types of words (monomorphic and
polymorphic, monoradical and polyradical, radical-suffixal, radical-prefixal, prefixo-radical-suffixal).
Types of word segmentability (complete, conditional, defective).
2. Definition of a morpheme. Classification of morphemes. Root morphemes and affixational
morphemes. Free, bound and semi-bound morphemes.
3. Derivative structure and derivative relations. Derivational patterns, types of derivational patterns
(structural and structural-semantic). Derivational bases, types of derivational bases.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
MORPHEME
ROOT-MORPHEME
STEM
that part of a word which remains unchanged
throughout its paradigm and to which grammatical
inflections and affixes are added.
an affixal morpheme which when added to the stem
modifies the lexical meaning of the root and forms a
new word.
DERIVATIONAL
MORPHEME
MORPHOLOGICAL
SEGMENTATION
THE
PRINCIPLES
MORPHEMIC
ANALYSIS
the minimum meaningful language unit, an
association of a given meaning with a given sound
pattern.
the semantic nucleus of a word with which no
grammatical properties of the word are concerned.
the ability of a word to be divided into such elements
as roots, stem and affix.
the segmentation of words is generally carried out
OF according to the method of Immediate and Ultimate
Constituents. This method is based upon the binary
principle, i.e. each stage of procedure involves two
components the word immediately breaks into. At
each stage these two components are referred to as
the Immediate Constituents (IC). Each IC at the next
stage of analysis is in turn broken into smaller
meaningful elements. The analysis is completed
when we arrive at constituents incapable of further
division, i.e. morphemes. These are referred to as
Ultimate Constituents (UC). The analysis of wordstructure on the morphemic level must naturally
proceed to the stage of UC-s.
IMMEDIATE
CONSTITUENTS
any of the two meaningful parts forming a larger
linguistic unit.
ULTIMATE
CONSTITUENTS
constituents incapable of further division.
DERIVATIVE
STRUCTURE
is the nature, type and arrangement of the ICs of the
word.
DERIVATIVE
RELATIONS
are relations between words with a common root but
of different derivative structure.
DERIVATIONAL
BASES
are functional units to which a rule of wordformation is applied. They present the part of the
word which establishes connection with the lexical
unit that motivates the derivative and determines its
individual lexical meaning describing the difference
between words in one and the same derivative set.
VALENCY
the combining possibilities of derivational affixes.
DERIVATIONAL
PATTERN
a meaningful combination of stems and affixes that
occur regularly enough to indicate the part of speech,
the lexico-semantic category and semantic
peculiarities common to most words with this
particular arrangement of morphemes. (Ginsburg, p.
103)
COMPLETLY
SEGMENTED
WORDS
have transparent morphemic structure that
is conditioned by the fact that its constituent
morphemes recur with the same meaning in
a number of other words.
CONDITIONALLY
SEGMENTED
WORDS
are words whose segmentation into the
constituent morphemes is doubtful for
semantic reasons.
DEFECTIVELY
SEGMENTED
WORDS
have unique morphemes met nowhere else
but in this word only.
FREE
MORPHEMES
can stand alone without changing their
meaning and coincide with a stem or a word
form.
BOUND
MOPHEMES
are used only as a part of a word.
Required Reading
Obligatory:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – M., 1973, pp. 30-59.
2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M., 1979, pp. 89-107.
3. . Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мов. – Нова книга,2003,с. 1825
3.
4. Ніколенко А.Г. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Нова книга, 2007.
Optional:
Кубрякова Е. С. Основы морфологического анализа. - М., 1974.
Tasks and Exercises
1. Analyze the following words morphologically and classify them according up to what part of
speech they belong to:
ailment, superman, air, beggarly, calculable, disturbance, eternity, expressionless, eyelet, fair-minded,
fruitfulness, governmental, indomitable, inflammability, judicious, intake, morphologically, memorize,
nourishment, overpowering, reconciliation, renowned, runner, speechless, workmanship, high-priced,
theatre-goer.
2. Comment on the structural types and patterns of the following words. Translate the words into
Ukrainian.
Unforgettable, curio, aggro, bookish, sailor, devastate, nothing, fount, heavier-than-air, fine, diplomacy,
news-stand, father-in-law, exam, asleep, courage, Anglo-American, snow-capped, anxious, ne’er-do-well,
sun-bleached, lady-killer, walking-stick, eye, fridge, telephone, artillery, penny-a-liner, speedometer,
fruice, true-to-life, ill-fitting, phone, engage, discover, cupboard, notify, indefatigability, supremacy,
snow-white, clumsy, democratic, inhabit, newspaper, impress, wonder, gym, comfy, civic-mindedness.
3. Give the definition of a root-morpheme. Define roots in the following sets of words.
Bake, baker, bakery; civil, civilian, civilise, civilised, civilisation; collect, collection, collector, collective,
collectivisation; differ, difference, different, differential, differentiate; gentle, gentleman, gentility,
gentleness, genteel, gently; please, pleasant, pleasure; describe, prescribe, inscribe; success, successful,
unsuccessful, successfully, succession, successor, successive; porter, transport, import, export.
4. Make distinction between derivational and functional affixes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Translated, finished, reduced, collected, pushed.
Talented, gifted, bearded, black-hearted.
Tables, sisters, books, girls, pencils.
Colors, developments, draughts, powers, glasses.
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
How do you distinguish between a morpheme and a word?
What types of morphemes do you know?
What is the aim of morphemic analysis?
What are the principles of morphemic analysis?
What types of word-segmentability do you know?
What is word-formation? How is it classified?
What is the difference between word-formation and morphologic divisibility?
What is the difference between morphemic and derivational levels of morphological analysis?
What types of derivational patterns do you know?
What types of derivational bases do you know?
What are the peculiar features of derivational affixes?
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
Morpheme
Root-morpheme
Stem
Derivational morpheme
Morphological segmentation
Ultimate Constituent
Морфологічна сегментація
Словотворча морфема
Валентність
Словотворча модель
Морфема
Словотворча основа
Immediate Constituent
Derivative structure
Derivative relations
Derivational bases
Valency
Derivational pattern
Коренева морфема
Основа
Деріваційна структура
Безпосередньо складовий
Остаточний складовий
Словотворчі відносини
Theme ІV
WORD-FORMATION
AFFIXATION. CONVERSION.WORD-COMPOSITION
The aim is: to study the derivative structure of words and the patterns on which the English and
Ukrainian languages build new words.
The tasks are:
to differenciate between two types of word-formation: word-derivation and word-composition;
to distinguish between types of word-formation and various ways and means of word-formation;
to classify derivational affixes on different principles;
to investigate the productivity of derivational affixes;
to observe different approaches to conversion and compounding;
to acquire skills in applying basic criteria of semantic derivation within conversion pairs;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for Discussion
1. Various types and ways of forming words. Word-formation. Definition. Basic peculiarities. Wordformation as the subject of study. Two types of word-formation: word-derivation and word-composition.
Productivity of word-formation means.
2. Affixation. Definition. Degree of derivation. Classification of affixes. Prefixes and suffixes.
Combinability of bases and affixes. Productivity. Allomorphs. Combining forms. Hybrids.
3. Conversion. Definition. The historical development of conversion. Conversion in Modern English.
Productivity. Semantic relationships in conversion. Conversion in different parts of speech. Basic criteria
of semantic derivation.
4. The criteria of compounds.Specific features of English compounds.Classification of compounds.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
WORD-FORMATION
WORD-DERIVATION
Is the system of derivative types of words and the
process of creating new words from material
available in the language after certain structural and
semantic formulas and patterns.
is observed when there is only one derivational base
and one derivational affix in a word. The principal
means (or ways) are suffixation, prefixation and
conversion (in this case derived words have no
derivational affix).
WORD COMPOSITION
is observed when there are at least two bases.
AFFIXATION
(PREFIXATION
SUFFIXATION)
CONVERSION
is the formation of words by adding derivational
AND affixes (prefixes and suffixes) to bases.
the process of coining a new word in a different part
of speech and with a different distribution
characteristic but without adding any derivative
element, so that the basic form of the original and
the basic form of the derived words are
homonymous.
PRODUCTIVE
PATTERN
ALLOMORPH
COMPLEMENTARY
DISTRIBUTION
that which can be used for formation of an unlimited
number of new words in modern language.
a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a
specific environment and so characterised by
complementary distribution.
takes place when two linguistic variants cannot
appear in the same environment.
COMBINING FORMS
those which in modern languages are used as bound
forms although in Greek and Latin from which they
are borrowed they functioned as independent words.
HYBRIDS
words that are made up of elements derived from
two or more different languages.
BASIC FORM
the word form in which the notion denoted is
expressed in the most abstract way. For nouns it’s
the common case singular, for verbs – the Infinitive.
is observed when there are at least two bases.
WORD
COMPOSITION
COMPOUND WORDS
ASYNTACTIC
COMPOUNDS
SYNTACTIC
COMPOUNDS
words consisting of at least two stems which occur
in the language as free forms.
those which fail to conform to grammatical patterns
current in present-day English.
those which conform to grammatical patterns
current in present-day English.
ENDOCENTRIC
COMPOUNDS
the two constituent elements of which are clearly the
determinant and the determinatum. The distribution
of the whole word coincides with the distribution of
one of the constituents.
EXOCENTRIC
COMPOUNDS
the two constituent elements of which are
semantically equally important. The distribution of
the whole is different from either of the constituents.
DERIVATIONAL
COMPOUNDS
words in which the structural integrity of the two
free stems is ensured by the suffix referring to the
combination as a whole, not to one of its elements
(e.g. teenager, kind-hearted).
COMPOUNDS
PROPER
COORDINATIVE
COMPOUNDS
SUBORDINATIVE
COMPOUNDS
REDUPLICATIVE
COMPOUNDS
ABLAUT
COMBINATION
RHYME
COMBINATIONS
JUXTAPOSITIONAL
COMPOUNDS
are formed by joining together bases built on the
stems or on the word-forms of independently
functioning words with or without the help of
special linking element (doorstep, age-long, babysitter, looking-glass, street-fighting, handiwork,
sportsman).
the two ICs are semantically equally important
(fighter-bomber, oak-tree, girl-friend, AngloAmerican).
the components are neither structurally nor
semantically equal in importance, but are based on
the domination of the head-member, which is, as a
rule, the second IC (stone-deaf, age-long, a wristwatch, road-building, a baby-sitter).
a very mixed group of compounds containing usual
free forms, onomatopoeic stems and pseudomorphemes (e.g. hush-hush, pooh-pooh, blah-blah).
twin forms consisting of one basic morpheme
(usually the second), sometimes the pseudomorpheme which is repeated in the other constituent
with a different vowel (e.g. chit-chat, tiptop, shillyshally).
are twin forms consisting of two elements (most
often two pseudo-morphemes) which are joined to
rhyme (e.g. harum-scarum, titbit, boogie-woogie
etc.).
are words whose ICs are merely placed one after
another (classroom, timetable, deep-blue, H-bomb).
MORPHOLOGICAL
COMPOUNDS
are words whose ICs are joined together with a
vowel or a consonant as a linking element
(speedometer, handicraft, sportsman, saleswoman).
SYNTACTIC
COMPOUNDS
are words with linking elements represented by
conjunctions and prepositions (forget-me-not, up-todate, go-between, know-all).
BAHUVRIHI
COMPOUNDS
possessive exocentric formations in which a person,
animal or thing are metonymically named after
some striking feature they possess, chiefly a striking
feature in their appearance.
Required Reading
Obligatory:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. – M., 1973, pp. 46-59, 100-111.
2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M., 1979, pp. 108-140.
3. Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мов. – Нова книга,2003,с. 25-54
4. Ніколенко А.Г. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Нова книга, 2007.
Optional:
1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник
для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 «Иностр. яз.». – М.: Высшая школа, 1985, C. 59-79.
2. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов (на
англ. яз.). – 2-е изд. – Л.: Просвещение, 1975, 86-171.
3. Архипов И. К. Семантика производного слова английского языка. – М., 1984. – С. 4-18.
4. Бортничук Е.Н. и др. Словообразование в современном английском языке: Учеб. пособие для
ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз / Е.Н.Бортничук, И.В.Василенко, Л.П.Пастушенко / Под ред.
Ю.А.Жлуктенко. – К., 1988.
5. Каращук Т.М. Словообразование английского языка. – М., 1977.
6. Кубрякова Е.С. Что такое словообразование? – М., 1965.
7. Леонтьева С.Ф. Отрицательные аффиксы в современном английском языке. – М., 1974.
8. Мешков О.Д. Словообразование в современном английском языке. – М., 1985.
9. Мостовий М.І. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Х., 1993, C. 10-66.
10. Раєвська Н.М. English Lexicology. – K., 1971, pp. 37-106.
11. Царёв П.В. Продуктивное словообразование в современном английском языке. – МГУ, 1984, с.
28-47.
12. Adams V. An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation. – London, Longman Group Ltd.,
1973.
13. Bauer L. English Word-Formation. – Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983.
Tasks and Exercises
1. Comment on the meaning of the prefixes in the following words.
Afloat, afoot, afresh, alight, along, anew, awaken.
Amoral, anomalous, aseptic.
Befriend, behead, belittle, besiege, bewitch.
Uncomfortable, unequal, unhappy, unreal, unsafe.
Unarm, unbelt, unbind, uncap, undress, unmask, untie.
Disagree, disapprove, discomfort, disobey.
Disappear, disarrange, disband, disconnect, disjoin.
2. Translate the following words into Ukrainian paying attention to the difference in their
meaning:
Childish – childlike, colorful – colored, delightful – delighted, economic – economical, exhaustive –
exhausting – exhausted, feverish – fevered, godlike – godly, historic – historical, loving – lovely –
lovable, manly – mannish, pleasant – pleased, reddened – reddish, respected – respectful – respectable,
rightful – righteous, snaky – snakelike, starry – starred, tasty – tasteful, touchy – touched – touching,
watery – waterish, womanlike – womanly – womanish.
3. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Pick out prefixed words and comment on
the meaning of these prefixes:
1. He was disinclined to trouble himself with a young man (W. Maugham). 2. There would be a time for
rearrangements and readjustments (G. Chesterton). 3. Your co-believers are remarkably unscrupulous and
insensitive about those of us who have come to the opposite conclusion (Ch. Dickens). 4. As she talked to
Mamma, relating the events of her journey, she displayed strong, discolored teeth which, however, were
somewhat unmanageable and made little clicking noises (A. Cronin). 5. I am afraid, I misjudged you in
the past, I beg your pardon (W. Maugham). 6. In all big cities there are self-contained groups that exist
without intercommunication (W. Maugham). 7. Uncle Elliot said it was most improper and Mamma said
she thought it unnecessary (W. Maugham). 8. He was a non-representative artist and he painted portraits
of her in squares and oblongs (W. Maugham). 9. Until the events of the last few days he had been almost
supernaturally steady all this year (J. Galsworthy). 10. He was an ex-fisher (W. Maugham). 11. Young
Jolyon sat down far off, and began nervously to reconsider his position (J. Galsworthy). 12. Soames
desired to alter his condition from that of the unmarried man to that of the married man remarried (J.
Galsworthy). 13. There’s an unfortunate devil, who has got a friend on the poor side, that’s glad to do
anything of that sort (Ch. Dickens).
4. Classify the following –er nouns into: a) agent-nouns; b) nouns denoting things which do
what the stem denotes; c) nouns denoting persons who live in a certain country or locality.
Announcer, Britisher, cutter, defender, driver, fighter, footballer, foreigner, free-thinker, gardener,
listener, Londoner, Netherlander, New-Yorker, offender, owner, reader, reaper, speaker, villager, opener.
5. Comment on the meaning of the noun-forming suffix –ess. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the
following nouns in –ess. Pay attention to the corresponding suffixes in Ukrainian.
Baroness, poetess, actress, stewardess.
Empress, heiress, lioness, tigress, traitress.
Advanturess, hostess, Jewess, laundress, shepherdess, waitress.
Countess, goddess.
6. Comment on the meaning of the suffix –ish. Arrange the following adjectives into groups
denoting: a) belonging to some nationality or locality; b) like, having the quality of; c)
approaching the quality of:
Babyish, biggish, brownish, brutish, childish, dampish, devilish, dollish, fattish, Finnish, foolish, girlish,
greenish, greyish, Irish, Jewish, kittenish, monkeyish, piggish, Polish, poorish, reddish, Spanish, Turkish,
tigerish, whitish, wolfish, womanish.
7. Form adjectives by adding the suffix –ly to the following nouns. Arrange these adjectives into
two groups according to their meaning: a) having the quality of, characteristic of; b) occuring.
Brother, coward, day, father, hour, man, month, mother, night, quarter, sister, soldier, time, week, wife,
woman, year.
8. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Pick out nouns with suffixes and comment
on the meaning of these suffixes:
1. I have to say that you have a traitress in your camp (B. Show). 2. Mummy, is daddy in your room (J.
Galsworthy)? 3. There is no happiness like that of being loved by your fellow-creatures, and feeling that
your presence is an addition to their comfort (Ch. Bronte). 4. By displaying towards Irene a dignified
coldness, some impression might be made upon her; but she was seldom now to be seen, and there
seemed a slight difficulty in seeking her out on purpose to show her coldness (J. Galsworthy). 5. His
cunning, his personal skills, his behaviour, his mixture of good-nature and unbendingness were all of a
piece (C. Snow). 6. I recalled his high spirits, his vitality, his confidence in the future, and his
disinterestedness (W. Maugham). 7. A dramatization of the work was made, which ran for a season in
New York (W. Maugham). 8. He is the idealist, he is the dreamer. 9. From the top lefthand drawer of her
chest she brought out a handful of sweets (A. Cronin). 10. The roar of the pneumatic cutter in that narrow
space was deafening (W. Maugham). 11. He took a cigarette and sucked in a lungful of smoke (W.
Maugham). 12. I have every confidence in my informant (A. Cronin). 13. A polite refusal is better than a
rude grant (J. Galsworthy).
9. Comment on the examples of converted words in the sentences below. State to what part of
speech they belong and the derivational pattern of conversion:
1. Miss Watkins was a nobody. She was a drifter. No family, no close friends
(P. Benchley). 2. He
turned his head wearily on the pillow. The nurse shooed us from the room then (H. Robbins). 3. But I am
not in the least prepared to give a support to degrading superstitions (C. Snow). 4. I stood up as they
neared my table (Id.). 5. I called Jane in and told her to get all the department heads up into my
office…What was the good of being boss if nobody showed up for you to boss? (Id.). 6. She was wearing
a tweed coat trimmed with fur, smart travelling clothes, foreign in make and cut (A. Christie).
7.
George signalled for the check. The waiter brought it and he paid him (Id.). 8. The talk reverted to the
subject which had been tabooed before (A. Christie). 9. Seizing the knocker, she executed a deafening rata-tat-tat and, in addition, thumped upon the panels of the door (Id.). 10. I heard a miaow behind me, and,
turning, saw a lean white cat (H. Wells). 11. He was sweating a little from being down around the
engines, and he straightened up and wiped his face with a piece of waste (E. Hemingway). 12. Caroline
put the palms of her hands out to the sun to get them browned (M. Spark). 13. This was his last try (J.
Hilton). 14. His face paled. Hatred choked him (P.O. Connor). 15. My thoughts have been much occupied
with the ups and downs, the fortunes and misfortunes of married life (W. Maugham). 16. Down the road,
in twos and threes, more people were gathering in for the day of marketing, the day of festival (R.
Ludlum). 17. I used often to go out for a swim in the Pacific (I. Montagu). 18. He bridged his hand over
his eyes – the light over the bed seemed to be blinding him (J. D. Salinger). 19. He tensed the muscles of
his big neck, as though forcedly levelling his voice (D. Carter). 20. He waited, and the wait was not long
(R. Ludlum).
10. Classify the following compounds according to the part of speech they belong to.
Age-old, home-made, anything, skin-deep, killjoy, yesman, salesman, ill-fitting, whitewash, three-room,
first-rate, metal-cutting, baby-sit, haymaker, water-proof, handshake, well-bred, tender-hearted, whatever,
anybody, one-sidedly, never-to-be-forgotten, himself, bottleneck, widespread, old-looking, sunbathe,
whoever, third-rate, clean-shaven, hair-dresser, hair-do, well-wisher, oak-tree, life-long.
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
1. What do we mean by derivation?
2. How are affixes classified?
3. What are the principles of classification of prefixes?
4. What are the principles of classification of suffixes?
5. What do we understand by an allomorph?
6. What are the features of combining forms?
7. What are the characteristic features of hybrids?
8. What is conversion?
9. How is conversion defined in linguistics?
10. What features of Modern English have produced the high productivity of conversion?
11. Which categories of parts of speech are especially affected by conversion?
12. How can the problem of the original and the target word in conversion be solved?
13. What is word-composition?
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
Word-formation
Word-derivation
Word-composition
Affixation
Conversion
Allomorph
Combining forms
комбінуючі форми
конверсія
гібриди
аломорф
деривація
словоскладання
словотвір
афіксація
Hybrids
префікс
Prefix
суфікс
Suffix
комплементарна дистрибуція
Complementary
distribution
основна форма
Basic form
Theme V
WORD-MEANING
The aim is: to study the problems of word-meaning.
The tasks are:
to consider referential and functional approaches to the problem of meaning;
to consider types of word-meaning and meaning in morphemes;
to analyse the denotational and connotational types of meaning;
to analyse motivation of words according to its types and degrees;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for Discussion
1. Definition of word-meaning. Referential and functional approaches to the problem of meaning.
2. Types of word-meaning. Grammatical, lexical, part-of-speech, denotational and connotational
meaning, emotive charge and stylistic reference.
3. Meaning in morphemes. Lexical, part-of-speech, differential and distributional meaning.
4. Motivation. Types of motivation. Morphological motivation, phonetic motivation, semantic motivation.
Complete and partial motivation.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
SEMASIOLOGY
the branch of linguistics which studies the semantics of
linguistic units.
the meaning of words, expressions or grammatical forms.
SEMANTICS
WORD
REFERENT
CONCEPT
the basic unit of language. It directly corresponds to the
object of thought (referent), which is a generalized
reverberation of a certain ‘slice’, ‘piece’ of objective
reality, and by immediately referring to it names the thing
meant.
the object of thought correlated with a certain linguistic
expression. Also: the element of objective reality as
reflected in our minds and viewed as the content regularly
correlated with certain expression.
a generalized reverberation in the human consciousness of
the properties of the objective reality learned in the
process of the latter’s cognition. Concepts are formed
linguistically, each having a name (a word) attached to it.
MEANING
is a certain reflection in our mind of objects, phenomena
or relations that makes part of the linguistic sign-its socalled inner facet whereas the sound-form functions as its
outer facet.
DISTRIBUTION
is the position of a linguistic element in relation to other
units.
GRAMMATICAL
MEANING
LEXICAL
MEANING
is that component of word-meaning which is recurrent in
identical sets of individual forms of different words.
the material meaning of a word, i.e. the meaning of the
main material part of the word (as distinct from its formal
or grammatical part), which reflects the concept the given
word expresses and the basic properties of the things
(phenomenon, quality, state, etc.) the word denotes.
DENOTATION
the expression of the main meaning, meaning proper of a
linguistic unit in contrast to its connotation. It is the
denotational meaning that makes communication possible.
CONNOTATION
the pragmatic communicative value the word receives by
virtue of where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose
and in what context it is or may be used. The main types
of connotations are: stylistic, emotional, evaluative and
expressive (intensifying).
DIFFERENTIAL
MEANING
is the semantic component of morpheme-meaning that
serves to distinguish one word from all others containing
identical morphemes.
DISTRIBUTIONAL
MEANING
is the meaning of the order and arrangement of
morphemes making up the word.
MOTIVATION
is a connection between the structural pattern of the word
and its meaning.
COMPONENTIAL
ANALYSIS
splitting of an individual meaning of a word into its
constituent smallest unit-semes (e.g. “woman” may be
split into semes “human”, “female”, “adult”).
Required Reading
Obligatory:
1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., 1973, pp. 112-139.
2. Ginzburg R.S. et al. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. – M., 1979, pp.13-28.
3. Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мов. – Нова книга,2003,с. 18-67
4. Ніколенко А.Г. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Нова книга, 2007.
Optional:
1.Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник
для студ. пед. ин-тов по спец. № 2103 «Иностр. яз.». – М.: Высшая школа, 1985, C. 99-113.
2. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях. Пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов (на
англ. яз.). – 2-е изд. – Л.: Просвещение, 1975, C. 9-85.
3. Кубрякова Е.С. Типы языковых значений: Семантика производного слова. – М.: Наука, 1981.
4. Манакин В.Н. Сопоставительная лексикология. К., 2004, с. 150-250.
5. Медникова Э. М. Значение слова и методы его описания. М., 1974, с. 6-15.
6. Мостовий М.І. Лексикологія англійської мови. – Х., 1993, C. 66-129.
7. Никитин М.В. Лексическое значение слова. М., 1983, с. 6-62.
9. Никитин М.В. Основы лингвистической теории значения, М., 1988.
10.Раєвська Н.М. English Lexicology. – K., 1971, pp.107-203.
11. Шмелев Д.Н. Проблемы семантического анализа лексики. – М., 1973.
Tasks and Exercises
1. Discuss the meaning of the words house, white, die in connection with the problem “concept meaning”.
A house in the country. A full house. Every word was heard in all parts of the house. White House. An
ancient trading house in the city. A noisy cheerful house. To keep house. To bring down the house. To
leave one’s father’s house. On the house.
White clouds. White hair. A white elephant. The white race. White magic. White meat. As white as snow.
White wine. It’s white of you. White lie.
Die of hunger. Die a violent death. Die in one’s bed. The day is dying. Die to the world. I’m dying to
know. His secret died with him. Die in harness. Die game. Never say ‘die’.
2. Explain the motivation of the following words and word-groups:
a driver, unanswerable, skin-deep, home-made, to winter, to water, a bee, a snake, book for a needle in a
bundle of hay, catch at a straw, babble, basketball, blooming health, bookshelf, bottleneck, boyish, bump,
buzz, catlike, chatter, chirrup, crash, eatable, foot of a mountain, giggle, green with envy, handkerchief,
head of a procession, heart of the country, howl, key to a mystery, legs of a table, lioness, mow,
nightgown, nose of a plane, overgrow, prefabricated, purr, skilful, splash, swish, teacher, tinkle, tongues
of flame, travelling-bag, twitter, watery.
3. Explain the absence of motivation in the following words and word-groups:
big, red, to read, baker’s dozen.
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
What is uderstood by semantics?
What are the two approaches to the problem of meaning?
What are the various types of word-meanings?
What are the types of morpheme-meanings?
What is uderstood by motivation?
What are the types of motivation?
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
Коннотація
Semasiology
Лексичне значення
Semantics
Referent
Concept
Meaning
Distribution
Grammatical meaning
Denotation
Connotation
Differential meaning
Distributional meaning
Motivation
Дистрибутивне значення
Семасиологія
Референт
Денотативне значення
Значення
Граматичне значення
Дистрибуція
Дифференційне значення
Поняття
Мотивація