Exam 5 Q3 Review Sheet
Honors Biology
Exam 4 will cover:
Chapter 14: 14.5, 14.7 to 14.9
Chapter 15: Intro, 15.1 to 15.3, 15.5, 15.8 to 15.14
Chapter 16: 16.1 to 16.3, 16.5 to 16.8, 16.10, 16.11, 16.13
to 16.19, 16.23, 16.26
Chapter 18: ALL
***Also, there will be a few questions from chapters 13 and the
beginning of 14. Skim the notes and look over Exam 4. I would
advise that you do the corrections.
CHAPTER 14:
1. Compare sympatric to allopatric speciation. Give examples of each. What do the prefix
and suffix of each word mean and how do they relate to the meaning of the word?
2. Describe the experiment performed by Diana Dodd of Yale. Do not memorize it, just
understand it.
3. Describe the two models for evolution the deal with how quickly it occurs. Which of
these models would account for the rarity of transition fossils?
4. Have some clue about what the Grants did…read 14.9.
CHAPTER 15:
1. This entire unit is about going from the formation of Earth to animal life. Everything
should fit together like the pieces of a puzzle starting with the formation of Earth from a
nebula created by the explosion of a large star (a supernova) to the formation of the first
organic molecules to the first cell to the evolution of that first cell into the three domains
and then the kingdoms and then phyla and so on. It is just a timeline of life from the birth
of our great planet 4.6 billion years ago. Here is a cool video:
http://www.wellcometreeoflife.org/ -download the HD version and check out the
interactive tree. Here we go…
2. You should be able to read the geologic time scale and understand the progression of
life (the order of the appearance of organisms). Why do we divide time the way we do?
What is different about the era division made between the Paleozoic and Precambrian and
those between the others? Where do we get the evidence to build this time scale?
3. Compare relative dating to absolute dating. Explain how each is done. We looked at
absolute dating in class using radioactive isotopes. What is relative dating?
4. Explain how radiometric dating is done…how it works. Here is a quick problem: You
are working in the field and find a nice bone from an ancient human civilization. You
bring it to your lab and determined that the C14 to C12 ratio is about 1/32nd that of the
current atmosphere. What is the approximate age of the bone? ~28650 yrs
Know how to do these problems.
5. Section 15.3 is all about continental drift, which you should have done in Earth
Science. How does continental drift explain some of the distribution of organisms on our
planet like the presence of marsupial mammals on Australia when all mammals have a
single common ancestral population? How did they get there? What type of speciation
would this be an example of…explain. Our ancestors (us and marsupials) had a primitive
placenta at the time of the break away. We both still have it, but microevolved different
strategies of using it…does it get any cooler than this!? No, it doesn’t.
6. Section 15.5 is about mass extinctions. Mass extinctions can be terrible for the species
living at the time, but what is the positive? How can mass extinction lead to creativity?
7. You should be able to read a phylogenetic tree and understand which organisms have
recent common ancestors and which have distant common ancestors making some more
related to others. You should realize that each new branch is speciation (either allopatric
of sympatric).
8. Describe the connections between taxonomy and phylogenetic trees. How does our
classification system (Domain, Kindom, etc…) relate to evolution and how we put
together phylogenetic trees?
9. What pieces of evidence do we use to build phylogenetic (evolutionary) trees and to
classify organisms into their various taxon?
10. Compare divergent to convergent evolution. How do these relate to homologous and
analogous structures? Give examples of each. Explain why jointed appendages between
insects and humans would be considered an analogous structure and an example of
convergent evolution? Why is it call “convergent”? Explain why our fingernails and the
claws of a cat is an example of divergent evolution and homologous structure. Why is it
called “divergent”?
11. Figure 15.12A shows a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data. Why is molecular
data the most powerful information for building trees?
12. Know your kingdoms and how they relate to the domains and how both relate to the
currect phylogenetic tree of life. You NEED to be able to draw a simple phylogenetic tree
leading from LUCA to the domains and kingdoms (and the phyla for animals).
CHAPTER 16:
12.5. You should be able to tell me what the nebular hypothesis aims to describe and
what the hypothesis is from supernova to solar system.
13. Describe the settling down of Earth from the Great Bombardment to the earliest
oceans. What organic molecules are currently present? What is the atmosphere composed
of? Why do we think this?
14. Describe the Miller-Urey Experiment. What is the conclusion of this experiment and
what is its importance in terms of the formation of life on Earth?
15. How long do we estimate it took the first cell to arrive and why do we think this?
16. Describe how liposomes and coacervates might have given rise to life in terms of
sheer numbers and long periods of time.
17. Some of the earliest organisms on Earth were likely prokaryotic-like, which split into
the domains Bacteria (eubacteria) and Archae. Eukaryotes are believed to have branched
off the Archae line and not the Bacteria line. What is the evidence for this?
18. Describe the sequence in which nutritional classes are hypothesized to have appeared
on Earth (The hetertroph hypothesis) and give logical rationale for each step. All of the
original classes would have been prokaryotic. Explain how these various prokaryotic
groups may have cooperated to form the first eukaryotic cell and what is the name of this
theory?
19. Section 16.11 goes into modern day archae, our distant cousins. Explain why some
are referred to as extremophiles. Compare the extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles,
and methanogens. Not all archae are extremophiles. Where else are they found?
20. Skim through 16.13 to 16.17. You should know: what cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) are and how they may have changed the atmosphere of early Earth, what a
pathogen is, endotoxins vs exotoxins, Lyme disease and its cause, who Robert Koch is
and his diagnostic criteria for determining that bacteria cause disease (Koch’s Postulates),
how bacteria can be used as a weapon, how they can be used to help clean up our messes,
and what is meant by bioremediation.
21. Plants sucks up tons of CO2 from the atmosphere daily and store the carbon in their
bodies as monomer/polymers as you all know. How do bacteria help to release this
carbon back into the atmosphere to keep the carbon cycle going? What would happen if
this carbon were not recycled back?
22. Section 16.19 describes protists, the MOSTLY unicellular eukaryotes. Describe the
protists “pivotal position in the history of life”. Many scientists feel that protists are really
five or more kingdoms all by themselves. What is this based on?
22.5. Skim 16.23 and 16.24…know what algae is. What do we call multicellular algae?
CHAPTER 18 – Use the chapter 18 PowerPoint and focus on the questions below:
23. Describe the characteristics that make an organisms part of the kingdom animalia.
24. Compare invertebrates to vertebrates. Which arose first on planet Earth?
25. You should know the nine major animal phyla and how they are all related to each
other phylogenetically (in terms of evolution – Fig. 18.23A). You should know the
various types of organisms belonging to each phyla, their symmetry, if they have body
cavities or not, etc… You are not responsible for any systems at this point like digestive,
cardiovascular, nervous, etc… - we will do these all together in class. Use the chapter 18
powerpoint.
26. We are going with porifera (sponges) being generally asymmetric (without
symmetry) with the exception of cylindrical sponges have radial symmetry.
27. I will put a few phyla charts online to help you study or better yet, you can make a
complete chart of the phyla that includes all of the required information for each
including symmetry, presence of body cavity, types of organisms, classes, characteristics,
etc...
29. What is meant by a suspension (filter) feeder and which phyla uses this method of
ingestion?
30. Compare the medusa to the polyp form of a cnidarian.
31. Explain what a cnidocyte is and how it works.
32. You should know the terms anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral and lateral.
33. Compare radial to bilateral symmetry. Group the phyla accordingly.
34. What kinds of organisms make up the phyla platyhelminthes. What are the three
general groups of these organisms? How do they differ from each other?
35. Compare a pseudocoelom to a coelom. Which phyla have each? Which have no
coelom at all? What are the advantages to having a coelom?
36. For the phyla Mollusca, make sure you know what is meant by the foot, radula,
visceral mass, and mantle. Describe the three most diverse groups (classes) of mollusks.
What makes them different from each other?
37. What is meant by segmentation and which organisms display this type of body
subdivision?
38. Describe the three major groups of annelids. How are leeches used in medicine?
39. In class we learned that arthropods have what is known as an exoskeleton as do all
“shelled” animals. Compare an exoskeleton to an endoskeleton. Important: something
like a turtle shell is NOT an exoskeleton as turtles are reptiles and have an endoskeleton.
The turtle shell does not support the body, it only protects.
40. Which animal phyla is the most successful?
41. Know the segmentation of the arthropod: head, thorax, abdomen.
42. Explain why an arthropod must molt periodically.
43. Why are horseshoe crabs considered a “living fossil”?
44. Identify and describe the five major groups of arthropods on Earth. For example, if I
say scorpion you should say arachnid or if I say butterfly you say insect. You don’t need
to memorize the insect orders.
45. Identify the most diverse group of organisms on Earth. Here is a hint: entomology.
You should know what entomology is.
46. Compare incomplete metamorphosis to complete metamorphosis in insects.
47. What type of organisms belong to the phyla echinodermata? What type of skeleton do
they possess? Explain the function of their water vascular system.
48. Describe the four characteristics required to be part of our phyla (chordates).
49. Identify and describe the two major groups of invertebrate chordates. How can
invertebrates be part of the vertebrate phylum?
50. Identify the hallmarks of vertebrates.
51. Describe the progression through time (macroevolution) of vertebrates from the
ancestral agnathan like creatures to the primates.
52. Compare the agnathans (lampreys) to fish. What are the major differences.
53. Which modern group of organisms represent the first jawed vertebrates?
54. Compare the class Osteichthyes to the class Chondrichthyes. What do the prefixes
osteo- and chondro- mean?
55. Describe the function of a swim bladder and discuss its evolutionary significance to
land chordates?
56. Identify the largest group of vertebrates on Earth.
57. Compare ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes and lungfish. What is the evolutionary
significance of lobe-finned fish and lungfish? Why should you not be surprised to see two
such groups of fish existing on this planet?
58. What class of vertebrates macroevolved from fish to be the first vertebrates to walk
on land? ***Important: these are not the first animals on land, they are the first
vertebrates!! The arthropods (insects) beat us.
59. Compare ectothermic to endothermic. Which of the chordate classes are ecto and
which are endo?
60. Which phyla was the first to break away from our birth place…the ocean. How were
they able to do this? What types of adaptations were naturally selected?
61. Is it believed that all reptiles were ectothermic? Why does this make evolutionary
sense?
62. Which two classes of vertebrates evolved from the reptiles? If this is true, then we
should still see evidence of the ancestral reptiles in these two groups. What evidence is
present in these classes that indicate their (our) reptilian ancestry?
63. Identify and describe the three major groups of mammals on Earth. Try and think
about how these groups are related to each other in terms of more recent common
ancestors etc… Why are you not surprised to find an egg laying mammal, the
monotremes? Once the placenta evolved, what must have happened to that originial
population to give rise to marsupials and Eutherians? Are you surprised to learn that the
majority of marsupials are found in Australia, an isolated island, along with two of the
five species of monotremes? How do you predict this to have happened?
64. Figure 18.23A should be understood. It describes the branching of animal life starting
with the ancestral protists.
65. There will be a single question from section 18.24.
66. A very Faustian choice is upon us: whether to accept our corrosive and risky behavior
as the unavoidable price of population and economic growth, or to take stock of ourselves
and search for a new environmental ethic.
E. O. Wilson
What does this quote mean??