
The France of Napoleon III o Louis Napoleon was one of the new generation of ____________ rulers to come to power in
Europe. o Napoleon was a clever politician that was dismissed by the rulers of Europe but understood the
______________ operating in France. o He worked to gain the support of the people, the Army and the Catholic Church against the conservative ___________ in the National Assembly. o Louis supported __________________ against the Assembly and when deprived of the right to stand for reelection he led a coup d’etat, which restored universal manhood suffrage and elected him to a ________ term of office.

The Second Empire o On November 21, 1852, 97% of French voters agreed to restore the ______ and on December 2,
Louis Napoleon was crowned Emperor ____________ . o Napoleon was an _____________ ruler that controlled the armed forces, the police and the civil service. o Only he could initiate legislation and declare war. o All candidates for the Assembly were chosen by the __________ but were “elected” by universal manhood suffrage. o The people of France desired _____ and Napoleon gave it to them. o Like the other ________ of his age, Napoleon believed that the form of government was less important that economic and social realities.

Economic Expansion o Napoleon III gloried in modern ________ and the Empire witnessed five years of economic growth as he diverted the attention of the country from the loss of political rights with the prize of economic expansion. o Napoleon III believed in using the resources of government to support the _________________ and stimulate the national economy. o He backed the formation of credit banks such as the ______________.

Public Works o The new Empire undertook a major reconstruction of the city of Paris under the direction of
Baron _________ . o The medieval streets and old walls of Paris were destroyed and replaced with _______________ and squares with fine buildings and monuments, such as the
Place de L’Opera.

Baron Haussmann o He built new modern _______ ________ in the heart of the city and sewer, water and gas lines were installed. o The new construction projects stimulated business and brought jobs to the city.
 The “Liberal Empire” o While limiting freedom of speech and censoring the press, Napoleon was interested in the public opinion. o When opposition to his policies began to rise in the 1860’s he instituted new
_______ policies. o Opposition from French manufacturers angered by the lowering of protective tariffs and the financial panic of 1857, led Napoleon to reach out to the _______ class by legalizing trade unions and the right to strike. o Opposition candidates were allowed greater freedom to campaign and the legislature was given more say in the budget. o In ____ , the French people again overwhelmingly supported Napoleon in a plebiscite.

The End of the Empire

o _______ policy failures culminating in a loss in the Franco-Prussian War would bring an end to the Empire and the creation of a new republic.

The Crimean War o Louis Napoleon claimed that the Empire stood for peace, but being a _________ it was perhaps inevitable that he would lead the county into war in the Crimea. o This war would have a significant impact on the ___________ movements in Europe by weakening both Austria and Russia. o It would also be the first war covered by international _________ correspondents and the first in which women, led by Florence ___________ , established their position as army nurses.

The Causes of the War o The _______ Question – who would benefit from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. o Many European countries had designs on Ottoman territories in the Balkans.

Russian Claims o But ______ , with its relations to the ______ peoples, religious bonds with the Eastern Orthodox religion and its geographic proximity, held special opportunities to expand its sphere of influence. o These ambitions were feared by other powers, such as Britain and France that wished to maintain the _______ of _____ and Austria, which of course had its own ambitions in the Balkans. o War began when Russia’s claim to be the protector of __________ in the Holy Land was denied by the French, who encouraged the Turks to resist Russian aggression in Moldavia and
Wallachia. o On October 4, 1853, the Ottoman Empire declared war on ______ . o The following year _______ and ______ will join the war against Russia. o The British navy effectively blockaded Russian ports and the British and French armies landed on the _______ Peninsula. o The war was short-lived but very costly in lives, with over _______ dead – over 60% of them from diseases such as cholera.

The Battle of Balaclava o The Battle of Balaclava included a cavalry charge of Britain’s
_____ _______ led by the infamous Commander James Brudenell. o He was the first man to reach the lines and emerged unscathed, but Russian artillery cut down
503 of his 700 men.

The Charge of the Light Brigade
Half a league, half a league, half a league onward, Into the Valley of Death rode the Six Hundred
Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die.
-Alfred Lord Tennyson
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854).

The Congress of Paris o A Peace Treaty was signed in Paris in 1856, pledging all of the Great Powers to maintain “the integrity of the Ottoman Empire”. o Russia was forced to give up its captured territories in Moldavia and Wallachia, which became the Principality of _______ . o Russia was now enemies with _______ , who had failed to aid Russia, even after Russia had come to their aid in the Revolution of 1848.

Politics of Reality o The Crimean War caused the destruction of the _______ of Europe and created opportunities for
Italian and German national unification. o Napoleon III now saw himself as the _________ of national peoples, but his role the unification of Italy and Germany will prove disastrous for France.

Italian Unification

o Following the defeat of the Italian Risorgimento Movement of Giuseppi Mazzini and Garibaldi, many looked for a more _________ method of achieving unification. o Despite the failure of the Piedmontese to oust the Austrians from Northern Italy, the Kingdom of
Sardinia’s House of
_____ became the leader in the next move toward unification.

Cavour – the Brains o King Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di ______ as Prime Minister in 1852. o Cavour was a liberal minded businessman that admired the British and he encouraged economic development. o Cavour reached an agreement with ________ III, whereby France would help Sardinia in its war with Austria, and Napoleon’s cousin would become King of a Central Italy.

The Battles of Magenta and Solferino o The French army defeated the Austrian in two battles in Northern Italy, but then Napoleon, fearing the _________ , who were mobilizing to come to the aid of the Austrians, made a separate peace with Austria.

The Kingdom of Piedmont o Piedmont-Sardinia was able to annex ________ , but Venetia remained in the possession of
Austria. o Parma, Modena, Tuscany and Romagna rose in rebellion and were also annexed.

Garibaldi – the Sword o Sicilian authorities abort an uprising against the Bourbon monarchy in April but Giuseppe
_________ organizes an army of 1,000 “ _________
” at Genoa and sails for Marsala. o He lands May 11, gathers recruits as he marches inland, defeats the Neapolitans at Calatafimi, takes Palermo, crosses the Straits and, takes Naples. o He supports _______________ II of Piedmont as king of a united Italy. o On March 17, 1861, a new Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed with King Victor Emmanuel II of the
House of Savoy as the new King. o Cavour dies three months later.

The Unification of Germany o Following the failure of the _________ Assembly, the move towards of German Unification became a move by _______ to dominate the other states of the Confederation.

The Zollverein o The Zollverein _______ union was established by Prussia to eliminate tariff barriers and to promote the economic unity of Germany. o It had its beginnings in 1818, and by 1854 its members included all of the German states except
Austria.

Prussian Domination o The legislature of Prussia was elected by a complex voting system where male suffrage was determined by ______________ . o This system left the constitutional monarchy largely in the hands of a growing ____________ that sought to gain even more power from the monarchy.

King Wilhelm o In 1861, Prussian King Frederick William IV died and was succeeded by his brother King
William I. o _______ begins to modernize and expand the Prussian Army. o He instituted three years of compulsory military service for all young men. o The middle-class liberals in the Parliament resisted compulsory service fearing that it might be used to make the youth more obedient to the monarchy. o Kaiser Wilhelm did not want to use the military to force the parliament to agree, but appointed an ultra-conservative Junker, Otto von ________ as his Chancellor.

Realpolitik

o Bismarck was a practitioner of ___________ the “politics of reality” and would pursue either diplomacy or war if it would gain advantage for Prussia.
 “The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions . . . but by iron and blood.”
-- Otto von Bismarck o When faced with _______ resistance over army appropriations Bismarck began to operate without Parliamentary approval.

The Wars of Unification o Bismarck created a unified German nation-state by fighting three wars: the Danish War(1864); the Austro-Prussian War (1866); and the Franco-Prussian War(1870-71). o Before fighting each of these wars Bismarck would work ______________ to ensure that Prussia fought against only one enemy and that that enemy was isolated diplomatically.

The Danish War o In 1864, Bismarck went to war with Denmark over the issue of _________ and ________ . o Denmark moved to annex these territories, both of which had large German populations. o Bismarck persuaded _______ to join Prussia in a war against Denmark, which was quickly defeated. o Austria agreed to a _____ administration of the two territories with Prussia – thus creating he potential of friction between the two countries.

The Austro-Prussian War o Bismarck neutralized Russia and France and made an alliance with the new unified state of Italy, promising Italy Venetia if Austria were defeated. o Bismarck, having ________ Austria, then goaded them into war. o Prussia’s superior military, with its breech loading needle gun, easily defeated the Austrians

The North German Confederation o The German states north of the Main River were organized into the ____________
Confederation controlled by Prussia. o The southern German states remained independent but were forced to sign military agreements with Prussia. o Prussia also annexed Hanover, Hesse-Cassel and the free city of Frankfurt which had sided with
Austria in the war. o Bismarck had proven the idea of Napoleon III that ___________ and _____________ rule could be combined. o Bismarck was quoted as saying that people only needed “
_____ and _____
” to keep them happy. o He thus separated the ideals of Nationalism and __________ .

The New German Confederation o The government established by Bismarck allowed each state to keep its own local government, but the King of Prussia was the head of the Confederation. o The military was controlled by the King and his Chancellor. o The new Parliament consisted of two houses: o The _________ , or Federal Council, made up of delegates elected by the states. o The _________ members were elected by universal male suffrage.

The Franco-Prussian War o France was not comfortable with the rising power of a unified Germany.
 Napoleon’s Troubles o France’s brief attempt to create an Empire in
______ had failed by 1865. o By 1870, Napoleon III was facing serious ________ problems at home and needed a diplomatic victory.

The Spanish Revolution o A revolution in Spain deposed the Bourbon Queen Isabella II and the crown of Spain was offered to the ____________ Leopold the cousin of King William of Prussia.

o The French, already concerned about the rising power of Prussia, would not agree to have a
______ Prince on the throne of Spain.

The Ems Dispatch o The Hohenzollerns refused the crown three times, but on July 2, 1870 the French heard a rumor that the Prince had ______ . o The French ambassador to Prussia met King William at the bathing resort of ___ and the
Prussian king agreed to withdraw their acceptance of the Spanish crown. o The ambassador demanded that the king also agree that no Hohenzollern would ever accept the crown of Spain. o The King _______ and telegraphed Bismarck with the details of the conversation.
o Bismarck altered the telegraph to make it appear that both parties at the meeting had been
________ . o He then “leaked” the “
____________
” to the press.

France demands War o On July 19, 1870 Napoleon III’s government ____________ on Prussia – despite the fact that the issue of the Spanish crown had been settled.

The Battle of Sedan o The French army was no match for the Prussians and at the Battle of _____ the entire French
Army and Napoleon himself were captured. o The French Empire now collapsed and a new ________ was declared – but the city of Paris continued to hold out for four months against a Prussian siege.

The War Ends o The French were forced to pay an _________ of five billion francs (1 billion dollars) and give up the territories of ______ and ________ . o Bismarck thought that the indemnity would ruin France, but the French paid it off in
___________ and the loss of the Alsace and Lorraine made France hungry for _______ .

The German Empire o With Paris surrounded, Bismarck took up residence at the Palace of Versailles and on January
18, 1871, William I was declared the ______ of the new Second _____ or German Empire. o While the Liberals rejoiced over the victory of unification, the militaristic methods meant the triumph of ________________ over liberal Constitutionalism.

Nation Building and Reform

The National State in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

The Austrian Empire - Toward a Dual Monarchy

Fallout of the Revolution of 1848 o The _________ reestablished autocratic rule following the failure of the revolution. o One lasting effect was the abolishment of _______ on September 7, 1848.

The Bach Regime o In 1851, the revolutionary constitutions were abolished and a new centralized government was established under Prime Minister Alexander von ____ . o Bach established a unified system of administration, taxation and law under German-speaking officials. o Hungary was placed under ________ leadership. o The ________ Church was made the official state church and given control over education.

The Reichsrat o Following the defeat of Austria in the Italian War of 1857, Emperor Francis Joseph established a
Parliament with a lower and upper house. o The system was supposed to be representative of all Austrian nationalities but the _______ once again dominated the government.


The Ausgleich o Following the defeat of Austria by Prussian in 1867, the Emperor negotiated a compromise
( _________ ) with the Hungarians to create the Dual Monarchy.

The Dual Monarchy o The empire was divided into __________ . o ____________ (lands west of the Leitha River) comprised Austria proper, Bohemia, Moravia,
Austrian Silesia, Slovenia, and Austrian Poland. o ______________ included Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and part of Dalmatia. o The Hapsburg monarch Franz Josef ruled Cisleithania as emperor of Austria and ruled
Transleithania as king of Hungary. o The Capital of Cisleithania was ______ . o The Capital of Transleithania was ________ . o Both states elected separate parliaments for internal affairs and had independent ministries. o A common cabinet dealt with foreign affairs, common defense, and common finances. o The monarchy was weakened by this ______ diversity. Czech, Italian, Slavic, and Romanian minorities desired autonomy and later sought to break free of the empire.

Imperial Russia o Tsar Nicholas I, crusher of the Decembrists and policeman of Europe with his “arsenal of autocracy,” died during the Crimean War and was succeeded by his son Alexander.

Alexander II o Alexander II (the Liberator) was a _______ who understood the Russia was falling behind the rest of Europe. o _______ was to blame.

Emancipation o On March 3, 1861, Alexander issued his ____________ edict which freed the serfs, allowing them to own property, marry as they chose and to file lawsuits. o The Serfs were given land by the government, which was purchased from the landowners. o The landowners only sold the _____ land.

The Mirs o Peasants had to ________ the government in long-term installments. o Peasants were organized into collective ________ called Mirs. o The peasants were, in effect, now bound to the Mirs and were still not free to leave the land. o These reforms did ______ to improve the economic conditions of most peasants.

The Zemstvos o In 1864, Alexander instituted local assemblies called ________ . o These local assemblies were dominated by the landed ________ . o The programs instituted by the Zemstvos were hampered by local bureaucrats that feared any form of self-government. o However, the legal reforms of 1864 did prove successful.

Alexander Herzen o The beginnings of ______ in Russia led to an increasing call for even more change. o Reformers such as Herzen called for more _______ changes in Russia.
 “Land and Freedom” o Herzen, writing from exile in London, called for the peasant’s village
________ to be the selfgoverning basis of a new Russia.

The Populists o Followers of Herzen’s writings, calling themselves
_________ , tried to revolutionize the peasants. o Disinterest by the ________ made the Populists even more radical.
 The People’s Will

o A group of Populists called the _____________ succeeded in assassinating Tsar Alexander II in
1881. o His son, Alexander III, turned against reform and returned to autocratic __________ .

Great Britain: The Victorian Age

Queen Victoria o She succeeded William IV in 1837 and reigned until her death in 1901. o Her pious ________ and respectability mirrored the attitudes of the times – The Victorian Age. o As a woman, she was barred from succession in Hanover, so her accession in Britain ended the connection between the British and __________ thrones. o In 1840 she married her first cousin Prince ______ , and the marriages of their nine children linked the British royal house to the royalty of Russia, Germany, Greece, Denmark, and
Romania. o In 1861, Prince Albert died; the queen's extreme grief led to her seclusion for three years.

Domestic Reforms o Henry John Templeton, Lord __________ , was Prime Minister for most of the decade of the
1850’s. o He vigorously prosecuted the _______ War, facilitated the unification of Italy, and suppressed the Indian _____ Mutiny. o His diplomacy, though reckless, advanced British ________ and made him very popular. o Although a Whig, he was not a political reformer and _______ expanding the suffrage.

Liberals versus Conservatives o Continued agitation for the extension of the franchise led to riots in London’s Hyde Park. o The Tories (now called _____________ ), motivated by the desire to win over the working class backed a new reform act.

Benjamin Disraeli o Twice Prime Minister, he was a favorite of Queen Victoria and had her crowned _______ of
India in 1876. o Disraeli “educated his party,” the Conservatives and his policy of _________ and imperialism revitalized his party. o The Tory leader, Benjamin Disraeli, led the movement to pass a new reform bill. o Disraeli believed the working man would defer to his _______ and vote Conservative.

The Reform Act of 1867 o The act lowered ________ requirements for voting and thereby increased the number of voters from one million to over two million.

1868 Election o Disraeli became Prime Minister in 1868, but was immediately defeated in a huge _______ victory aided by the votes of the working class.

Two-Party System o The increase in voters forced the two _________ _______ to become more organized in order to manipulate the electorate. o This intensified rivalry was best characterized by the personal rivalry between Disraeli and the
Liberal leader William _________ .

William Gladstone o Gladstone was prime minister four times (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886, 1892–94). o He achieved many notable reforms: passage of the _____ land act; establishment of competitive examinations for the civil service, and of vote by ______ ballot; abolition of the sale of army commissions; parliamentary reform; and educational expansion. o His advocacy of _________ for Ireland wrecked his third ministry. o A great orator and master of finance, he was deeply religious and brought a high moral tone to politics; nonetheless, he was passionately ________ by Queen Victoria.

Realism in Literature and Art


The Realistic Novel o The Realists wanted to deal with real characters in real life as opposed to mythical idealized heroes.

Gustave Flaubert o Madame Bovary (1857) dealt with the ______ love affairs and eventual suicide of the wife of a provincial doctor in France.

William Thackery o Wrote Vanity Fair in 1848, which he subtitled a “novel without a hero.”

Charles Dickens o The greatest of all Victorian novelists who captured the reality of _____ and middle class life in newly ______________ England.

Realism in Art o The ________ , detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life.

Gustave Courbet – The Artist’s Studio

Liebestraum

Hungarian Rhapsody

Richard Wagner
 Die Walküre
(The Valkyries)