Text Chapters 24.2-24.3
Stage for nationalist
movements was set by
the Congress of
Vienna:
 Met from 1814-1815 to
establish rules for a
European peace
following the defeat
of Napoleon
 5 “Great” European
powers: Russia,
Prussia, Austria, GB,
France
 Dominated by Prince
Metternich of
Austria
Restore the balance of
power in Europe by reestablishing Europe’s
Monarchs to their old
thrones (& old borders).
Limit the spread of the
ideas championed by the
French Revolution,
mainly democracy and
popular government.
Europe was split largely
along it’s pre-French
Revolution borders, and
ruled by it’s old nobles
The nobles carved up the
continent without regard
to growing ethnic desires
among people in Italy,
Germany, Poland,
Greece, etc.
Conservatives: Rich & Nobility. Europe should remain
under traditional monarchies
Liberals: Middle class. Wanted to give more power to
elected bodies, but only educated & landowners could
vote.
Radicals: All people should share in a democracy.
Believed in the ideas of the F.R. (Liberty, Equality,
Brotherhood)
 Greeks, fueled by nationalist pride in their Hellenic
culture, gain independence from the Ottoman Empire—
1821
 Unsuccessful nationalist uprisings occur in Belgium
(against the Dutch), and Poland (against Russia)—1830’s
 French radicals force King Charles X to flee the country
after he tries to stage a return to absolute monarchy (1830).
Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) is eventually elected
president after a bloody conflict that lead to a moderate
constitution. (1848)
Austrian empire is
broken up into AustroHungarian Empire after
pressure from
Hungarians (1860’s)
Czars of Russia lose
power (Russification)
Ottoman Empire is
weakened when they are
pressured by British and
French to recognize all
their citizens as equal
(1850-1860)
 Italy unites under Camillo
di Cavour (prime minister
of Sardinia working for its
king Victor Emmanuel II)
 Di Cavour annexes all of
Northern Italy from
Austria
 He also supports the efforts
of rebel Giuseppe Garibaldi
(Red Shirts) to unite
southern Italy & Sicily.
 1870—Last of the Italian
territory is acquired after
the Papal States are
conquered. Rome
becomes Italy’s capital
(Except for Vatican City)
 Otto Von Bismarck (Prime Minister
of Prussia) unites the German
Confederation under the Prussian
King Wilhelm (1871)
 Realpolitik
 Seven Weeks war with Austria
stokes Prussian Nationalism, and
increases Prussian territory (1867)
 Franco Prussian War ignites
feelings of German nationalism in
southern Germany (they accept
Prussian leadership) (1870)
 King Wilhelm names himself
Kaiser of the Second Reich (1st was
Holy Roman Empire)
Russia’s elimination of the feudal system and attempts
to modernize after the Crimean war (p 691)