Electronic Supplementary Material
Environmental and genetic control of insect abundance and
herbivory along a forest elevational gradient
Lucas A. Garibaldi, Thomas Kitzberger & Enrique J. Chaneton
Figure S1 Location of Nothofagus pumilio study sites (triangles) in the northern Patagonian Andes of
Argentina. We sampled three sites at different elevational belts in each of six mountains along a westto-east precipitation gradient. Elevation isolines are depicted at 300m equidistance (lowest isoline at
800 m a.s.l.).
Table S1 Model parameter estimates for changes in insect abundance and leaf damage by different feeding guilds across Nothofagus pumilio forests located at three
contrasting positions along replicated elevational gradients. Each feeding guild was represented by the frequency of damaged leaves per plant. Total insect abundance and leaf
damage frequency by miners, chewers and gallers were square root transformed to meet ANOVA assumptions. R code for lme function: y ~ elevation*date + precipitation +
precipitation:elevation + precipitation:date , random=~1|mountain/site.
Total
folivore
abundance
Total area
damage
Total
damage
frequency
Skeletonizers
Pit feeders
Miners
Chewers
Gallers
Suckers
Random effects (standard deviation)
6.0 × 10-5
6.9 × 10-5
3.7
0.05
0.06
2.3 × 10-6
2.1 × 10-6
0.01
1.2 × 10-6
0.27
6.5 × 10-5
8.2 × 10-4
0.02
0.07
0.02
9.6 × 10-3
0.03
2.2 × 10-6
3.68
8.36
60.0
0.28
0.51
0.14
0.49
0.08
0.11
-0.88
-5.06
-24.7
-0.13
-0.40
-0.01
-0.17
0.04
0.05
0.47
-4.91
2.1
0.20
-0.13
0.08
-0.14
0.25
0.19
April 06
-4.20
1.59
6.5
0.10
0.10
0.18
-0.11
-0.01
0.15
April 07
-1.34
-0.28
-12.5
-0.20
-0.02
0.10
-0.36
0.13
0.10
-4
-3
-0.01
-6
-4
-4
-4
-4
4.7 × 10-5
Mountains
Sites within mountains
Fixed effects (mean)
Intercept
High-elevation
Middle-elevation
Precipitation
3.9 × 10
-2.1 × 10
6.4 × 10
-1.3 × 10
2.6 × 10
1.0 × 10
1.1 × 10
High-elevation : April 06
0.27
-5.53
-11.2
-0.02
-0.08
-0.23
-0.10
0.07
-0.01
Middle-elevation : April 06
0.87
-1.40
-5.1
0.11
-0.06
-0.14
-0.11
-0.03
-0.01
High-elevation : April 07
-0.38
-0.84
0.6
0.11
-0.13
-0.20
-0.02
-0.09
-0.06
Middle-elevation : April 07
-0.06
-2.70
-7.2
0.03
-0.08
-0.17
0.01
--0.17
0.01
-4
-3
-3
-5
-5
-5
-5
-4
8.2 × 10-5
High-elevation : precipitation
-6.5 × 10
1.3 × 10
8.2 × 10
Middle-elevation : precipitation
-9.0 × 10-4
2.6 × 10-3
-2.7 × 10-3
1.1 × 10-4
3.7 × 10-5
4.4 × 10-5
4.9 × 10-5
9.4 × 10-5
1.1 × 10-4
April 06 : precipitation
1.7 × 10-3
2.6 × 10-3
0.01
2.7 × 10-5
8.8 × 10-6
4.9 × 10-5
7.0 × 10-5
3.3 × 10-5
3.6 × 10-5
April 07 : precipitation
1.1 × 10-3
1.2 × 10-3
0.01
1.1 × 10-4
6.8 × 10-5
8.2 × 10-5
5.2 × 10-5
5.0 × 10-5
7.1 × 10-6
Damage by other insect guilds was too low to warrant statistical analyses.
3.3 × 10
10.0 × 10
2.9 × 10
7.6 × 10
1.2 × 10
Table S2 Model parameter estimates for changes in leaf traits across Nothofagus pumilio forests located at three contrasting positions along replicated elevational gradients. R
code for lme function: y ~ elevation*date + precipitation + precipitation:elevation + precipitation:date , random=~1|mountain/site. SLA = specific leaf area, N = nitrogen, P =
phosphorus, K = potassium.
Leaf size
(cm2)
SLA
(mm2 mg-1)
Toughness
(g mm-2)
N
(%)
P
(%)
K
(%)
Phenolics
(mg galic
acid / g dw†)
Water
(%)
1.7 × 10-5
3.7 × 10-3
2.4
0.24
0.04
2.4 × 10-6
3.7
1.1 × 10-4
0.054
7.2
1.2 × 10-3
2.1 × 10-5
0.03
0.03
1.9 × 10-3
1.3 × 10-4
3.58
86.1
45.9
2.45
0.12
0.60
35.7
59.7
High-elevation
-1.91
11.9
2.8
0.40
0.13
0.06
32.6
1.5
Middle-elevation
-1.18
20.0
-8.3
0.58
2.1 × 10-3
0.09
18.1
4.3
-3
0.17
-10.6
-2.8
Random effects (standard deviation)
Mountains
Sites within mountains
Fixed effects (mean)
Intercept
April 06
-0.16
22.1
13.0
-0.96
April 07
-0.04
40.3
11.3
-0.58
0.06
0.42
-5.4
-5.4
-7.6 × 10-5
0.02
1.8 × 10-3
-9.8 × 10-5
8.2 × 10-6
-7.0 × 10-7
8.0 × 10-4
-2.0 × 10-4
High-elevation : April 06
0.03
2.5
-1.8
-0.68
-0.01
-0.19
-18.6
-0.4
Middle-elevation : April 06
0.22
9.0
-2.0
-0.04
-8.9 × 10-4
-0.11
-19.6
-0.05
-0.35
-10.9
3.5
-0.39
-0.05
-0.11
-23.9
-5.7
-3
-19.5
-0.5
Precipitation
High-elevation : April 07
Middle-elevation : April 07
-3.9 × 10
-0.09
2.1
-12.4
-0.04
0.01
-9.7 × 10-5
-0.02
-1.4 × 10-3
3.6 × 10-6
-1.5 × 10-5
1.0 × 10-5
6.1 × 10-3
-6.0 × 10-4
Middle-elevation : precipitation
3.6 × 10-4
-0.02
7.0 × 10-3
2.7 × 10-4
1.4 × 10-5
-1.6 × 10-5
1.6 × 10-3
-2.7 × 10-3
April 06 : precipitation
1.0 × 10-4
-9.0 × 10-3
-2.0 × 10-3
1.5 × 10-4
6.8 × 10-6
-6.3 × 10-5
8.7 × 10-3
4.4 × 10-4
April 07 : precipitation
1.4 × 10-4
-0.02
-1.1 × 10-3
2.0 × 10-4
-4.6 × 10-6
-1.3 × 10-4
-2.4 × 10-3
2.1 × 10-3
High-elevation : precipitation
-3.3 × 10
Table S3 Model parameter estimates for changes in insect abundance and leaf damage by different feeding guilds on Nothofagus pumilio saplings from lowand high-elevation forest sites (origin effect) planted at low- and high-elevation forests (site effect). Each feeding guild was represented by the frequency of
damaged leaves per plant. Data were square root transformed to meet ANOVA assumptions. R code for lme function: y ~ site * origin * year , random=~1|tree
Total
folivore
abundance
Total area
damage
Total
damage
frequency
Skeletonizers
Pit feeders
Miners
Chewers
Random effects (standard deviation)
Trees
-----
0.77
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.06
0.58
4.24
0.78
0.43
0.17
0.27
0.18
High-elevation site
-0.17
-1.43
-0.21
0.04
-0.17
-0.21
-0.16
High-elevation
origin
-0.27
0.28
-0.02
0.03
-0.08
-0.08
-0.01
2007
-----
1.02
0.12
0.08
0.20
0.05
-0.07
H-E site : H-E
origin
0.09
-0.64
-0.07
-0.13
0.08
0.08
0.01
H-E site : 2007
-----
-1.30
-0.17
-0.16
-0.16
-0.08
0.08
H-E origin : 2007
-----
-0.41
-0.04
-0.10
0.02
0.04
0.03
H-E site : H-E
origin : 2007
-----
-0.48
-0.08
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
Fixed effects (mean)
Intercept
Damage by other insect guilds was too low to warrant statistical analyses.
Table S4. Pearson’s correlation coefficients among leaf traits across Nothofagus pumilio forests
located at three contrasting positions along replicated elevational gradients (n = 18 sites, data was
averaged among dates, see Table 2). SLA = specific leaf area, N = nitrogen, P = phosphorus, K =
potassium
Water (%)
Phenolics
K
P
N
Toughness
SLA
Leaf
size
(cm2)
0.25
-0.21
0.10
-0.43
-0.12
0.04
0.61**
SLA
(mm2
mg-1)
0.45
0.16
0.29
-0.45
-0.11
-0.15
Toughness
(g mm-2)
N (%)
P (%)
K (%)
-0.43
0.30
-0.16
0.30
-0.23
0.35
0.23
0.21
-0.01
-0.36
0.07
-0.21
0.57*
0.03
Significant correlations are shown in bold: **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05
Phenol (mg
galic acid / g
dw†)
-0.07
Figure S2. Leaf traits (mean ± SE) in Nothofagus pumilio forests located at three contrasting positions
along replicated elevational gradients (n = 6 mountains).
Nitrogen
3
0.9
Potassium
0.6
%
%
2
1
0.3
0
0.0
Water
65
62
50
58
%
g mm -2
Toughness
35
54
20
50
January 06
April 06
Phenolics
mg galic acid /
g dry weight
60
Low
Middle
High
40
20
0
January 06
April 06
April 07
April 07
Table S5 Correlation coefficients (Pearson’s r) of mean temperature with total folivore abundance and
leaf damage in Nothofagus pumilio forests.
Mean temperature
n
Winter
Growing
season
season
Annual
Folivore abundance (no./100 leaves)
January 06
14
0.39
0.53*
0.47
April 06
12
0.60*
0.55
0.57*
April 07
15
0.41
0.37
0.40
Frequency of damaged leaves
January 06
14
0.41
0.62*
0.54*
April 06
12
0.68*
0.81**
0.75**
April 07
15
0.35
0.39
0.39
January 06
14
0.51
0.57*
0.56*
April 06
12
0.47
0.52
0.49
April 07
15
0.34
0.37
0.37
Leaf area damage (%)
Significant effects are shown in bold: **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05