Test Wednesday, April 2, 2014, Chapters 2 and 4
Chapter 2
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
rock cycle – the series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another,
is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes
rock – a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter
erosion – the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from
one location to another
deposition – the process in which material is laid down
composition – the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials
in the rock
texture – the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock’s
grains
Section 2 Igneous Rock
intrusive igneous rock – rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the
Earth’s surface
extrusive igneous rock – rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth’s
surface
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
strata – layer of rock (singular, stratum)
stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
foliated – the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes
or bands
nonfoliated – the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in
planes or bands
CHAPTER 4 – PLATE TECTONICS
Section 1 – Inside the Earth
crust – the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle
mantle – the layer of rock between the Earth’s crust and core
core – the central part of the Earth below the mantle
lithosphere – the solid, outer layer of the Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper
part of the mantle
asthenoshpere – the soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move
mesosphere – the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer
core
tectonic plate – block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part
of the mantle
Section 2 – Restless Continents
continental drift – the hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single
landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations
sea-floor spreading – the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises
toward the surface and solidifies
Section 3 – The Theory of Plate Tectonics
plate tectonics – the theory that explains how large pieces of the Earth’s outermost layer,
called tectonic plates, move and change shape
convergent boundary – the boundary formed by the collision of two lithospheric plates
divergent boundary – the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from
each other
transform boundary – the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other
horizontally
Section 4 – Deforming the Earth’s Crust
compression – stress that occurs when forces act to squeeze an object
tension – stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object
folding – the bending of rock layers due to stress
fault – a break in a body of rock along which one block slides relative to another
uplift – the rising of regions of the Earth’s crust to higher elevations
subsidence – the sinking of regions of the Earth’s crust to lower elevations