Minia J. of Agric. Res. & Develop.
Vol. (32) No. 1 pp 83-108, 2012
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS AND BIO-FERTILIZERS
ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF SOME FABA BEAN
VARIETIES (Vicia faba, l.)
Kh. A. O. El-Aref ; A.S. Abo-El-Hamd.; M.M. Ibrahim
and M.A.A. El-Said.
Dept. of Agron., Fac. of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., Assiut, Egypt.
Received 20 Feb.
2012
Accepted 15 March 2012
ABSTRACT
Two field Experiments were conducted at the agricultural
experimental farm of Al-Azhar Univ. at Assiut, during 2008/2009
and 2009/2010 seasons to study the response of three varieties of
faba bean (Misr-1, Giza-429 and Giza-40) to application of biofertilizers (control and inoculation with phosphorien) and different
phosphorus fertilizer rates (15.5, 31.0 and 46.5 kg P 2O5 /fed.). The
experiments were performed in a split-split plot design with four
replicates; where faba bean varieties were assigned to the main
plot, while phosphorus rates and bio-fertilizers were distributed
randomly in the sub and sub-sub plot, respectively.
The obtained results showed that faba bean varieties
exhibited significant differences in 100-seed weight; seed yield and
straw yield/fed. and protein percentage in faba bean seeds in both
seasons, except number of branches and seed yield/plant in the
first season only. On other hand number of pods/plant and
phosphorus percentage didn't show significant increase in both
seasons. Misr-1 variety was superior to Giza-429 and Giza-40 in all
studied traits.
Increasing the level of phosphorus applications from 15.5 to
31.0 or 46.5 kg P2O5 /fed. caused a significant increases in all traits
under study in both seasons.
Applications of phosphorien induced significant increases in
all studied characters, i.e. number of branches, number of pods,
Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
seed yield/plant, 100-seed weight as well as seed and straw
yields/fed. Also, such treatment increased phosphorus and protein
percentages of faba bean seeds.
The interaction between phosphorus rates and bio-fertilizer
had a significant effect on number of pods and seed yield/plant,
100-seed weight (gm) and straw yield (ton/fed.) in both seasons and
number of branches/plant in the first season only. Concerning the
interaction between varieties and phosphorus fertilizer rates was
significant on 100-seed weight and seed yield/fed. in the second
season only.
In general, the highest value of seed yield/ fed. was obtained
from Misr-1 when received 46.5 kg P2O5/fed. and inoculation with
phosphorien under Assiut conditions.
INTRODUCTION
Faba bean (Vicia faba, L.) is one of the most important winter
legumes crops for seeds in Egypt. Its importance lies chiefly in its
high protein content (24 %.) and inbeing source of carbohydrates. It is
also well supplied with phosphorus and calcium in addition; it is
relatively not expensive crop to produce. Bakheit et al. (2001) showed
that seed yield/fed. and 100-seed weight were significantly affected by
faba bean cultivars (Giza-2, Giza-402, Giza-429 and Giza-674). While
number of branches, number of pods and straw yield/fed. were not
affected by cultivars. Khalil et al. (2004) found that Misr-1 cultivar
surpassed Giza-40 cultivar in number of pods/plant, weight of
seeds/plant, weight of 100-seeds (gm), seed yield ard./fed., straw yield
(ton/fed.) and protein percentage in faba bean seeds and not
significantly affected phosphorus percentage in both seasons. Sharaan
et al. (2004) indicated that the tested faba bean cultivars (Giza-2,
Giza-429, Giza-843 and Misr-1) showed significant differences for all
of the studied characters (seed yield /plant, seed index, seed yield /fed.
and protein percentage). Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007) showed that
faba bean cultivars significantly differed in number of branches/plant,
number of pods /plant, seed yield/plant, seed yield/fed. straw yield/
fed. and protein% per seeds. Talaatt and Abdallah (2008) showed that
there were significant differences between the faba bean cultivars in
number of branches, number of pods/plant, weight seeds/plant; seed
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Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
and straw yields/fed. as well as 100-seed weight. Sakha-1 cultivar
significantly surpassed Giza- 40 cultivar in all previous tested
parameters, and it heid the highest values of protein and carbohydrates
in seeds. El-Banna et al. (2009) found that there were significant
differences between the two faba bean cultivars in number of
branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seed yield /plant, seed yield
/fed. straw yield/fed. and protein content in both seasons. Ragab et al.
(2010) showed that there were significant differences between the
three faba cultivars (Nubaria-1, Giza-716 and Sakha-1) in seed yield
kg/fed. and weight of 100-seeds.
Phosphorus is the second most commonly soil limiting nutrient
element after nitrogen. Soil supply with phosphorus is very important
practice for legumes, where it is considered the most important
nutrient limiting pulse production. A vigorous plant growth, coupled
with greater assimilates formation and translocation to plant fruiting
parts, resulting in a better development for seed yield and its
components are consequences for supplying legume plants with
phosphorus at optimum rates (Parihar and Tripathy 1989). Khalil et al.
(2004) concluded that increasing phosphorus fertilization rate (0.0,
15.0 and 30.0 Kg P2O5/fed.) to faba bean had significant increases in
number of pods /plant, weight of seeds /plant, seed index, seed and
straw yields /fed. and phosphorus and protein contents of seeds.
Ahmed et al. (2005) found that all studied parameters (seeds yield,
straw yield and protein percentage in seeds) were significantly
increased due to increasing the level of phosphorus fertilization from
(0.0, 30 or 45) Kg P2O5/fed. El-Set, Abd-El-Aziz (2005) indicated that
applications of phosphorus fertilizer with 22.5 Kg P2O5/ fed. followed
by 15.0 Kg P2O5/ fed. and 30.0 Kg P2O5/ fed. induced significant
increases in number of branches/ plant, number of pods /plant, 100seed weight, seed yields /plant as well as seed and straw yields /fed.
Also, such treatment increased protein content of faba bean seeds.
Abd–Allah and Hamed (2006) reported that increasing phosphorus
fertilizer level (10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5/fed.) to faba bean increased the
number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seed yield /plant,
seed index and seed yield/fed. Getachew and Rezene (2006) found
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Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
that highly significant positive responses of number of pods per plant,
thousand seed weight, and seed yields of faba bean to phosphorus
fertilizer. The highest number of pods per plant, total biomass and
seed yields of faba bean were recorded from the application of 30 kg
P/ ha. Zaki and Radwan (2006) indicated that phosphorus levels
supply on 100-seed weight and seed yield ton/fed. were significantly
enhanced at all applied treatments. Abd El-Aziz (2007) found that
increased phosphorus rates 0, 45, 90 and 135 kg P2O5/ ha. caused a
significant increase in number of branches/plant, number of
pods/plant, seed yield /plant, seed index, and seed yield/fed. at the end
of the growth. Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007) showed that phosphorous
fertilizer at rate 46.5 Kg P2O5/fed. significantly increased all yield and
its components (number of branches, seed yield/plant, straw yield/ fed.
seed yield/fed. phosphorus and protein percentage). El-Habbasha et al.
(2007) showed that significant increased in number of pods /plant,
weight of seeds/plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield (kg./fed.), straw
yield(kg/fed.) and seed protein content, except number of branches,
increase with increasing phosphorus levels from zero to 45 kg
P2O5/fed. Talaatt and Abdallah (2008) showed that 75% or 50% of
recommended phosphorus doses increased number of pods/plant;
weight seeds/plant; seed and straw yields/fed. and 100-seed weight as
well as phosphorus and protein. El-Gizawy and Mehasen (2009)
indicated that the phosphorus fertilizers were highly significant in
number of branches and pods/plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield/plant,
seed and straw yields/fed. and protein% in both seasons. Ibrahim
(2009) reported that applications of phosphorus fertilizer up to (30 kg
P2O5/fed.) significantly increased number of pods/plant, seed
yield/plant, 100-seed weight, straw yield (ton/fed.), seed yield
(ard./fed.), phosphorus and protein contents in faba bean seeds.
Rugheim and Abd El-Gani (2009) showed that application of
phosphorus chemical fertilizer significantly increased crude protein in
faba bean seeds.
Bio-fertilization became an important factor to increase the
availability of phosphorus in soil or applied as fertilizer. Phosphate
dissolving bacteria are considered as biological fertilizers which have
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Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
an important role in the solubility of phosphorus and enhancing its
absorption by plants (Koreish et al. 2001). On the other hand, some
soil microbes such as phosphate dissolving bacteria play an important
role in supplying the growing plants with available forms of
phosphorus through the production of organic, inorganic acids and
CO2. They increase the soil acidity and consequently convert the
insoluble forms of phosphorus to soluble forms (Saad and Hammad
1998). El-Set, Abd-El-Aziz (2005) indicated that applications of
phosphorien induced significant increases in number of branches/
plant, number of pods /plant, 100-seed weight, seed yields /plant as
well as seed and straw yields /fed. Also, such treatment increased
protein content of faba bean seeds. Mohamed and Abbas (2005)
pointed out that phosphorien gave the highly significant increase in
number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant,
100-seed weight, seed yield (ard./fed.) and straw yield (ton/fed.) in the
two seasons compared with citreen and control. Phosphorien as a biofertilizer gave the highest value for phosphorus uptake by plants
respectively in both seasons. Radwan and Mohamed (2005) found that
the application of bio-fertilizer of "phosphorien" gave significant
effects on seed yield /fed. and its components (number of
branches/plant, number of pods/ plant, seed index, seed yield /plant
and straw yield/fed.). Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007) showed that
application of phosphorien significantly improved number of
branches, number of pods /plant, seed and straw yields /fed. and
protein% per seeds. Talaatt and Abdallah (2008) showed that
Rhizobium inoculation and VAM inoculation improved plant growth
in number of branches/plant at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing
compared with the uninoculated plants. Fungal infection and
Rhizobial inoculation increased number of pods/plant; weight
seeds/plant, seed and straw yield/fed. and 100-seed weight as well as
the concentration of protein on both cultivars as compared with
uninoculated plants. El-Banna et al. (2009) found that most traits
under study (number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seed
yield /plant, seed yield /fed. straw yield/fed. and protein content)
increased significantly due to inoculation treatment. Applications of
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Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
VA-mycorrhiza inoculation resulted in the highest values of number
of pods/plant, straw yield/plant, seed yield /fed. and straw yield/fed. in
both seasons and seed yield /plant in the first season. El-Gizawy and
Mehasen (2009) indicated that bio-fertilizer with phosphate dissolving
bacteria (PDB), increased number of branches and pods/plant, 100seed weight, seed yield/plant, seed and straw yields/fed. and protein%.
Phosphorus fertilizer levels mixed with PDB significantly affected all
studied characters. Rugheim and Abd El-Gani (2009) reported that
Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum inoculation significantly
increased seed yield/fed. and crude protein of faba bean seeds. Osman
et al. (2010) showed that Rhizobium inoculation significantly
increased yield, crude protein and 100-seed weight. Bacillus
megatherium var. phosphaticum inoculation significantly increased
crude protein content. On the other hand, Rhizobium and Bacillus
megatherium var. phosphaticum Co-inoculation significantly
increased seed yield, protein content and 100-seed weight. The
objective of the present work is to study the response of three-faba
bean varieties to three levels phosphorus fertilization with Biofertilization under Assiut conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two field Experiments were conducted at the agricultural
experimental farm of Al-Azhar Univ. at Assiut, during 2008/2009 and
2009/2010 seasons to study the response of three varieties of faba
bean (Misr-1, Giza-429 and Giza-40) to application of bio-fertilizers
(control and inoculation with phosphorien) and different phosphorus
fertilizer rates (15.5, 31.0 and 46.5 kg P2O5 /fed.). The preceding
summer crop was maize in both seasons. The experiments were
performed in a split-split plot design with four replicates where, faba
bean varieties were assigned to the main plot, while phosphorus rates
and bio-fertilizers were distributed randomly in the sub and sub-sub
plot, respectively. The experimental unit comprised five ridges, each
3.5m long and 0.6 m wide (10.5 m2 in area = 1/400/ fed.). Seeds were
sown on the two sides of ridges, in hills 25 cm apart, and thinned to
two plants/hill. Seed were sown on Oct. 30th 2008 and Oct. 25th 2009,
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Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
respectively. Phosphorus was added during soil preparation i.e. before
sowing. Phosphorus was used in the form of calcium super phosphate
(15.5% P2O5). The sub-sub plots were assigned in relation to two biofertilizers treatments {Control treatment (B0) and inoculation with
phosphorien (B1)}. The Bio-fertilizer phosphorien is a phosphate
solublizing bacteria (PSB) Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum
and was provided by the biological amendments project Agriculture
Research Center, Egypt. The inoculation was performed by coating
faba bean seed at the rate of 1 kg/fed. using a sticking substance
(Arabic gum 5%) just before sowing. All other practices were
uniformly applied as recommended for faba bean production in the
region. The physical and chemical analyses of the experimental site
are presented in Table (1)
Table 1: The mechanical and chemical analysis of soil field
experiments
Characteristics
Characteristics
2008/2009 2009/2010
Mechanical 2008/2009 2009/2010
Chemical analysis
analysis
24.50
25.30
0.97
1.02
Sand (%)
Organic matter (%)
39.00
39.40
74.50
76.30
Silt (%)
Available N (ppm)
36.50
35.30
9.60
10.56
Clay (%)
Available P(ppm)
Soil texture
Available K (ppm)
355.15
363.25
pH (s.p. 65 )
7.76
7.98
E.C. (ds. m-1 )
Total CaCo3 (%)
1.17
1.18
2.85
2.60
Clay loam
Studied attributes:A- Yield and yield components:
At harvest samples of 10 plants were chosen randomly from the
inner ridges and the following characters were recorded:
1- Number of branches / plant.
2- Number of pods / plant.
3- Seed yield /plant (gm).
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Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
4- 100- seed weight (gm): the weight of 100-seed was calculated as an
average of five random samples for each plot. It was weighted in
grams.
5- Seed yield (ard./fed.) (ard = 155 kg).
6- Straw yield (ton/fed.). In addition, seed and straw yields were
recorded on plot basis. The recorded values were used to estimate
the corresponding value per fed.
B- Chemical analysis:
At harvesting, seed samples were ground and kept for chemical analysis.
1- Protein percentage:Total nitrogen content in seeds was estimated by using
microkjeldahl method as described by A.O.A.C (1980) and percentage
of protein was calculated by multiplying the nitrogen percentage by
6.25.
2- Phosphorus percentage:Total phosphorus was determined in the plant digests
colorimetrically using the spectrophotometer according to the method
described by Chapman and Pratt (1961).
Statistical analysis:The results were statistically analyzed according to Gomez and
Gomez (1984) using the computer MSTAT-C statistical analysis
package by Freed et al. (1989). The least significant differences (LSD)
test at probability level of 0.05 was manually calculated to compare
the differences among means.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A- Yield and yield components:1- Number of branches / plant:It is quite clear from presented data in Table (2) that number of
branches/plant was significantly affected by varieties only in
2008/2009 season. Misr-1 had higher number of branches/plant than
Giza-40 and Giza-429varieties. The increase was estimated by (3.41%
comparison Giza-429 and 5.46% comparison Giza-40) in the first
season. This may be due to differences in genetic make up between
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Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
varieties. These results are in agreement with those found by Ahmed
and El-Abagy (2007) and El-Banna et al. (2009) who reported that
number of branches /plant was significantly affected by varieties.
The results revealed that the application of phosphorus fertilizer
rates to faba bean plants exerted a significant influence on number of
branches/plant in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons. The highest
values (3.73 and 4.28) were obtained when phosphorus was applied at
a rate of 46.5 kg P2O5/ fed. in both seasons, respectively. This may be
due to the important role of phosphorus for helping the development
of more extensive root system and thus enabling plants to extract
water and nutrients form deeper depth. This, in turn could enhance the
plants to produce more assimilates which was reflected in high
number of branches. These results are in harmony with those obtained
by El-Set, Abd-El-Aziz (2005) and El-Gizawy and Mehasen (2009)
who reported that number of branches / plant increased by increasing
phosphorus rates.
The presented data indicated that application of bio-fertilizer
with phosphorien to faba bean plants exerted a significant influence on
number of branches/plant as compared to the control in both seasons.
These effects may be due to the ability of the microorganisms to
produce growth regulator substance i.e., Indole Acetic Acid (IAA),
Gibbrelic Acid (GA) and Cytokinones (CK) (Megahed and Mohamed,
2001). These growth substances may play an important role in plant
growth through promoting photosynthesis, translocation and
accumulation of dry matter within different plant organs. It may also
be related to the role of the more available phosphorus produced by
phosphorus releasing bacteria in plant growth. These results are in
agreement with those obtained by Mohamed and Abbas (2005) and ElBanna et al. (2009).
The presented data in table (2) showed that number of
branches/plant was significantly affected by the interaction between (P
X B) in the first season only, where the highest value (4.23) was
obtained from 46.5 kg P2O5/ fed. and inoculation with phosphorien.
The interaction among VXPXB was not significant in both seasons.
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Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
Table 2: Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on number of
branches and number of pods/plant of some faba bean
varieties in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons.
characters
Number of branches/plant
Seasons
2008/2009
Varieties P-levels Bio(V)
(P2O5 fertilizer
kg/fed.)
(B)
Mean
(P)
B0
B1
15.5
1.50 2.40 1.95
Misr-1
31.0
2.30 3.70 3.00
46.5
3.30 4.40 3.85
Mean
2.37 3.50 2.93
Giza-429
2008/2009
2009/2010
BioBio-f
Biofertilizer
ertilizer
fertilizer
(B)
Mean
(B)
Mea
(B)
Mean
B0
B1
B0
B1 n
B0
B1
1.80 2.80 2.30 14.50 16.30 15.40 14.80 16.40 15.60
2.70 3.93 3.31 15.70 17.10 16.40 15.80 17.20 16.50
3.80 4.93 4.36 17.40 17.90 17.65 17.80 18.00 17.90
2.77 3.88 3.33 15.87 17.10 16.48 16.13 17.20 16.67
15.5
31.0
46.5
1.40
2.30
3.20
2.30
2.30
3.60
4.20
3.37
1.85
2.95
3.70
2.83
1.70
2.78
3.50
2.66
2.70
4.03
4.85
3.86
2.20
3.40
4.18
3.26
14.40
15.60
17.30
15.77
16.20
16.90
17.80
16.97
15.30
16.25
17.55
16.37
14.70
15.60
17.40
15.90
16.30
17.50
17.80
17.20
15.50
16.55
17.60
16.55
15.5
31.0
46.5
1.30
2.30
3.20
2.27
2.20
3.50
4.10
3.27
1.75
2.90
3.65
2.77
1.60
2.50
3.55
2.55
2.70
4.18
5.08
3.98
2.15
3.34
4.31
3.27
14.30
15.35
17.20
15.62
16.10
16.80
17.70
16.87
15.20
16.08
17.45
16.24
14.60
15.50
17.30
15.80
16.20
17.30
17.80
17.10
15.40
16.40
17.55
16.45
1.40 2.30
2.30 3.60
3.23 4.23
1.85
2.95
3.73
1.70 2.73
2.66 4.04
3.62 4.95
2.22
3.35
4.28
14.40 16.20 15.30 14.70 16.30
15.55 16.93 16.24 15.63 17.33
17.30 17.80 17.55 17.50 17.87
15.50
16.48
17.68
2.31 3.37
2.84
2.66 3.91
3.28
15.75 16.98 16.36 15.94 17.17
16.56
Mean
Giza-40
Number of pods/plant
2009/2010
Mean
Mean
15.5
for P31.0
levels
46.5
(p)
Mean
L.S.D. at 5% for
Varieties (V)
Phosphorus(P)
Bio-fertilizer (B)
VXP
VXB
PXB
VXPXB
0.09
0.14
Sig.
N.S
N.S
0.20
N.S
N.S
0.13
Sig.
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
0.57
Sig.
N.S
N.S
0.68
N.S
2- Number of pods / plant:Table (2) showed that number of pods/plant was not significantly
affected by varieties in 2008/2009 and2009/2010 seasons. These
results agree with those obtained by Bakheit et al. (2001).
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N.S
0.55
Sig.
N.S
N.S
0.71
N.S
Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
It is clear from the revealed data that varying the applied
phosphorus levels had a significant effect on this trait in both seasons.
The highest numbers of pods/plant were (17.55 and 17.68) achieved
by plants fertilized with the highest phosphorus level (46.5 kg P2O5/
fed.) in both seasons, respectively. This may be due to that phosphorus
fertilizer increased the vegetative growth of faba bean, in addition to
the role of phosphorus fertilizer in enhancing photosynthesis process.
Furthermore, phosphorus might have encouraged faba bean growth
and caused the significant increase in number of pods / plant. The
importance of P fertilizer for number of pods in legume had been
found by different investigators such as Abd–Allah and Hamed (2006)
and El-Habbasha et al. (2007).
The presented data showed that significant differences between
the treatment of inoculation and non inoculation with P-dissolving
bacteria (phosphorien) for number of pods/plant in both seasons. It
could be concluded that application of the bio-fertilizer named
phosphorien increased number of pods/plant due to that phosphorien
enhanced phosphorus solubilization converting immobilized soil P to
soluble form that increased plant P uptake and consequently the
uptake of other nutrients. Such effects increased plant vegetative
growth, with respect to number of pods. The results of bio-fertilizer in
number of pods obtained in the study are in agreement with those
obtained by Mohamed and Abbas (2005) and Talaatt and Abdallah
(2008).
The presented data showed that number of pods/plant was not
significantly affected by the interaction between (V x P) and
interaction between (V x B) in both seasons. The interaction between
(P x B) was significant in both seasons, since the highest value (17.80
and 17.87) was obtained from 46.5 kg P2O5/fed. and inoculation with
phosphorien. The interaction among (V x P x B) was not significant in
both seasons.
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Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
3- Seed yield /plant (gm):It is quite clear from presented data in table (3) that seed
yield/plant was significantly affected by varieties only in 2008/2009
season. Where Misr-1 had higher seed yield/plant than Giza-40 and
Giza-429 varieties. However, Misr-1 variety surpassed Giza-429
variety by (0.71%) while; Misr-1 variety surpassed Giza-40 variety by
(1.97%) in 2008/2009 season. This may be due to the rank of one of
them or both as the highest variety of number of branches/plant. These
results are in harmony with those found by Sharaan et al. (2004) and
El-Banna et al. (2009) who reported that seed yield/ plant were
significantly affected by varieties.
The presented data revealed that increasing phosphorus rates
increased seed yield/plant significantly in both seasons, since the
highest values (39.53 and 40.52 gm) were obtained when phosphorus
was applied at a rate of 46.5 kg P2O5/ fed. in both seasons,
respectively. These values surpassed treatment (15.5 P2O5/fed.) by
(22.54% and 21.59%) in the first and second seasons, respectively,
while, these values exceeded treatment (31.0 kg P2O5/fed.) by
(10.83% and 10.66%) in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons,
respectively. These results could be explained in light of the beneficial
effect of phosphorus fertilizer in increasing number of branches/plant
and number of pods per plant which were previously discussed. It is
worthy to mention that our results are in good agreement with those
obtained by Khalil et al. (2004) and Abd El-Aziz (2007).
The presented data indicated that inoculation with phosphorien
gave significant effect on seed yield/plant in the first and the second
seasons. Seed yield/plant tended to increase when bean seeds were
inoculated with phosphorien compared with the control treatment. The
inoculation with phosphorien exceeded the non inoculation by
(12.46% and 12.06%) in both seasons, respectively. It could be
concluded that application of the bio-fertilizer named phosphorien
increased seed yield/plant due to that phosphorien enhanced
phosphorus solubilization converting immobilized soil phosphorus to
soluble from that increased plant phosphorus uptake and consequently
the uptake of other nutrients. Such effects increased plant vegetative
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Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
growth, with respect to leaf area index (L.A.I). An increase in LAI
means the increase in plant photosynthesis and photoassimilates
translocation to seed increasing seed yield/plant. The results are in
accordance with those obtained by Radwan and Mohamed (2005) and
Talaatt and Abdallah (2008).
Table 3: Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on seed
yield/plant (gm) and 100-seed weight (gm) of some
faba bean varieties in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010
seasons.
characters
Seed yield/plant (gm)
Seasons
2008/2009
100-seed weight (gm)
2009/2010
2008/2009
2009/2010
P-levels
Varieties (P2O5
(V)
kg/fed.)
(P)
15.5
31.0
Misr-1
46.5
Mean
15.5
31.0
Giza-429
46.5
Mean
15.5
31.0
Giza-40
46.5
Mean
BioBioBioBiofertilizer
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
Mean B0
B0
B1
B1 Mean B0
B1 Mean B0
B1 Mean
27.90 34.00 30.95 29.10 35.20 32.15 69.20 72.50 70.85 70.30 73.40 71.85
32.60 37.50 35.05 33.50 38.30 35.90 73.70 75.80 74.75 74.90 76.00 75.45
39.40 41.30 40.35 40.50 42.00 41.25 74.85 76.10 75.48 75.10 76.30 75.70
33.30 37.60 35.45 34.37 38.50 36.43 72.58 74.80 73.69 73.43 75.23 74.33
27.80 33.50 30.65 28.90 34.40 31.65 65.60 69.20 67.40 65.90 70.00 67.95
32.20 39.20 35.70 33.40 40.10 36.75 70.60 73.60 72.10 71.10 73.20 72.15
38.10 40.40 39.25 39.00 41.50 40.25 72.10 74.40 73.25 72.40 74.20 73.30
32.70 37.70 35.20 33.77 38.67 36.22 69.43 72.40 70.92 69.80 72.47 71.13
27.40 33.10 30.25 28.70 34.30 31.50 63.30 67.50 65.40 63.18 67.70 65.44
31.90 38.10 35.00 32.70 39.20 35.95 67.20 70.30 68.75 67.50 70.70 69.10
37.90 40.10 39.00 38.80 41.30 40.05 70.10 71.30 70.70 70.60 71.80 71.20
32.40 37.10 34.75 33.40 38.27 35.83 66.87 69.70 68.28 67.09 70.07 68.58
Mean for
Plevels(P)
27.70
32.23
38.47
33.53
38.27
40.60
30.62 28.90 34.63 31.77 66.03 69.73 67.88 66.46 70.37 68.41
35.25 33.20 39.20 36.20 70.50 73.23 71.87 71.17 73.30 72.23
39.53 39.43 41.60 40.52 72.35 73.93 73.14 72.70 74.10 73.40
32.80
37.47
35.13 33.84 38.48 36.16 69.63 72.30 70.96 70.11 72.59 71.35
15.5
31.0
46.5
Mean
L.S.D. at 5% for
Varieties (V)
Phosphorus(P)
Bio-fertilizer (B)
VXP
0.33
0.56
Sig.
N.S
N.S
0.55
Sig.
N.S
0.32
0.57
Sig.
N.S
0.45
0.52
Sig.
0.90
VXB
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
PXB
VXPXB
0.67
N.S
0.72
N.S
0.66
N.S
0.71
N.S
-95-
Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
The interaction effect between factors under study was
insignificant during the two seasons with the exception of the
interaction between phosphorus and bio-fertilizer treatment in the first
and second seasons, where the highest values (40.60 and 41.60 gm)
were obtained from 46.5 kg P2O5/fed. and inoculation with
phosphorien.
4- 100- seed weight (gm):Table (3) indicated that 100-seed weight was significantly
affected by varieties in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons. Misr-1 had
higher 100-seed weight than Giza-429 and Giza-40 varieties in both
seasons. The differences between faba bean varieties in 100-seed
weight may be due to the differences in partitioning and migration of
photosynthetic products between faba bean varieties and the
endogenous hormones content. Results agreed with those obtained by
Bakheit et al. (2001) and Ragab et al. (2010).
Applications of phosphorus fertilizer to faba bean plants had a
significant effect on this trait in both seasons. The highest 100-seed
weight values (73.14 and 73.40 gm) were obtained when phosphorus
was applied at a rate of 46.5 kg P2O5/ fed. in both seasons,
respectively. These results might be attributed to that phosphorus
fertilization encouraged growth of plants, pod setting and pod and
seed filling. This might interpret the increase of weight of seed/plant
and this might account much for a good seed filling and subsequently
higher seed index. The stimulatory effect of phosphorus, also, may be
due to its role in enhancing metabolic processes such as
photosynthesis, starch synthesis, glycolysis and synthesis of fats and
proteins. These results are in accordance with those found by ElHabbasha et al. (2007) and Ibrahim (2009).
The presented data observed that application of phosphorien
significantly improved 100-seed weight. Inoculation with phosphorien
increased 100-seed weight compared with uninoculation with
phosphorien. This may be due to that inoculation with phosphorien
increases the capacity of plant in utilizing light, water, mineral
nutrients and carbon dioxide in building great amount of metabolites
which are easily translocated from source to sink and finally
-96-
Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
accumulation in pods and seeds of faba bean plant. The result of biofertilizer in 100-seed weight obtained in the study is in agreement with
those obtained by El-Set, Abd-El-Aziz (2005) and El-Gizawy and
Mehasen (2009).
The presented data illustrate that 100-seed weight was
significantly affected by the interaction between (V x P) in the second
season only, where the highest value (75.70gm) wase obtained from
Misr-1 when received 46.5kg P2O5/fed. No significant affection by the
interaction between (V x B) in both seasons. The interaction between
(P x B) was significant in both seasons, where the highest values
(73.93 and 74.10gm) were obtained from 46.5 kg P2O5/fed. and
inoculation with phosphorien in both seasons, respectively. The
interaction between (V x P x B) was no significant in both seasons.
5- Seed yield (ard./fed.):The presented data in table (4) emphasized that faba bean
varieties was significantly differed in seed yield (ard./fed.) in
2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons. Furthermore, data showed clearly
that Misr-1 variety surpassed in seed yield /fed. than Giza-429 and
Giza-40 varieties in the first and the second seasons. However, Misr-1
variety to excel Giza-429 variety by (2.84% and 2.89%) while, Misr-1
variety surpassed Giza-40 variety by (8.18% and 8.07%) in the first
and second seasons, respectively. The differences between faba bean
varieties in the production efficiency may be due to the differences in
number of formed nodules on the root of the tested variety,
consequently, the growth of each variety may depend mainly on
nitrogen fixation, also, to the differences in partitioning and migration
of photosynthetic between faba bean varieties. These results are in
harmony with those found by Talaatt and Abdallah (2008) and ElBanna et al. (2009).
It could be concluded that varying the applied phosphorus levels
had a significant effect on this trait in both seasons, where the highest
seed yield ard./fed. values (12.35 and 12.52 ard./fed.) were obtained
when phosphorus was applied at a rate of 46.5 kg P2O5/ fed. in both
seasons, respectively. These values to surpass treatment (15.5
P2O5/fed.) by (20.65% and 20.69%) in the first and second seasons,
-97-
Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
respectively, while, these values surpassed treatment (31.00 P2O5/fed.)
by (7.69% and 7.51%) in the first and the second seasons,
respectively. These results might be attributed to the role of
phosphorus as a constituent of all important nucleo-porteins and thus
increases the efficiency of root system. Consequently the
physiological activities of the plant are enhanced leading to better
yield. It is worthy to mention that our results are in good agreement
with those obtained by El-Gizawy and Mehasen (2009) and Ibrahim
(2009).
The presented data also, illustrated that application of biofertilizer with phosphorien to faba bean plants exerted a significant
influence on seed yield ard./fed. in both seasons. In general,
application of phosphorien produced higher seed yield ard./fed. as
compared to the control in the first and the second seasons. The
inoculation with P-dissolving bacteria surpassed the non inoculation
by (10.03% and 10.53%) in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons,
respectively. Phosphate dissolving bacteria presses the ability to bring
a soluble phosphate in soluble forms secreting organic acids which
lower the pH and bring about the dissolution of bonds forms of
phosphate and render them available for growing plants. Such effects
increased plant vegetative growth, with respect to LAI. An increase in
LAI means the increase in plant photosynthesis and photoassimilates
translocation to seed, increasing seed yield/fed. The result of biofertilizer in seed yield /fed. in the study is in agreement with those
obtained by El-Banna et al. (2009) and Osman et al. (2010).
Results recorded in table (4) revealed also that there was
significant interaction between varieties and phosphorus treatment in
the second season only, where Misr-1 variety when received 46.5kg
P2O5/ fed. resulted the highest seed yield ard./fed. The other
interaction had no significant effect on such criterion at the two
seasons.
6- Straw yield (ton/fed.):The presented data in table (4) illustrated that straw yield
(ton/fed.) was significantly affected by varieties in 2008/2009 and
2009/2010 seasons. Misr-1 variety had higher straw yield than Giza-
-98-
Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
429 and Giza-40 varieties in both seasons. This may be due to
differences in genetic make up between varieties. These results agree
with those obtained by Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007) and Talaatt and
Abdallah (2008).
The data in the same Table illustrate that varying the applied
phosphorus levels had a significant effect on this trait in both seasons,
where the highest straw yield values (2.32 and 2.38 ton/fed.) were
obtained when phosphorus was applied at a rate of 46.5 kg P2O5/ fed.
in both seasons, respectively. This may be due to that phosphorus
fertilizer encouraged the vegetative growth of faba bean plants for
which plant height as well as branching capacity could be taken as
good criteria. This might interpret the increased straw yield due to
phosphorus application. These results are in accordance with those of
El-Gizawy and Mehasen (2009) and Ibrahim (2009).
Concerning the application of bio-fertilizer with phosphorien to
faba bean plants exerted a significant influence on straw yield
(ton/fed.) in both seasons. In general, application of phosphorien
produced higher straw yield (ton/fed.) as compared to the control in
both seasons. Phosphate dissolving bacteria presses the ability to bring
a soluble phosphate in soluble forms secreting organic acids which
lower the pH and bring about the dissolution of bonds forms of
phosphate and render them available for growing plants. Also, may be
due the increase in straw yield (ton/fed.) might be associated with high
plant height and number of branches/plant. The results of bio-fertilizer
in straw yield obtained in the study are in agreement with those
obtained by Mohamed and Abbas (2005) and El-Banna et al. (2009).
The presented data showed that straw yield (ton/fed.) was no
significantly affected by the interaction between (V x P) and the
interaction between (V x B) in both seasons. While, the interaction
between (P x B) was significant in the two seasons. Where, the highest
values (2.32 and 2.40 ton/fed.) were obtained from 46.5 kg P2O5/fed.
and inoculation with phosphorien in the first and second seasons,
respectively. The second order interaction was not significant in both
seasons.
-99-
Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
Table 4: Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on seed yield
(ard./fed.) and straw yield (ton/fed.) of some faba bean
varieties in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons.
characters
Seed yield (ard./fed.)
Seasons
P-levels
(P2O5
kg/fed.)
(P)
15.5
Misr-1
31.0
46.5
Mean
2008/2009
Varieties
(V)
Giza-429
Giza-40
Mean
Biofertilizer (B)
Mean
B1
10.84
12.60
13.35
12.26
10.16
11.87
12.79
11.61
15.5
31.0
46.5
9.11
10.95
12.10
10.72
15.5
31.0
46.5
15.5
31.0
46.5
Mean
Mean for
Plevels(P)
2009/2010
B0
9.48
11.13
12.23
10.95
Mean
Straw yield (ton/fed.)
Biofertilizer
(B)
B0
B1
9.59 10.96
11.27 12.87
12.36 13.58
11.07 12.47
2008/2009
Biofertilizer
(B)
Mean
Biofertilizer
(B)
Mean
10.28
12.07
12.97
11.77
B0
2.09
2.17
2.33
2.20
B1
2.21
2.26
2.34
2.27
10.35
12.20
12.95
11.83
9.73 9.25 10.50 9.88
11.58 11.05 12.43 11.74
12.53 12.21 13.14 12.67
11.28 10.84 12.02 11.43
2.04
2.21
2.30
2.18
8.98
10.10
11.25
10.11
10.05
11.40
12.20
11.22
9.52 9.10 10.16 9.63
10.75 10.22 11.63 10.92
11.73 11.37 12.43 11.90
10.66 10.23 11.41 10.82
9.19
10.73
11.86
10.59
L.S.D. at 5% for
Varieties (V)
Phosphorus(P)
Bio-fertilizer (B)
VXP
VXB
PXB
VXPXB
2009/2010
Mean
2.15
2.22
2.34
2.23
B0
2.14
2.23
2.38
2.25
B1
2.29
2.36
2.43
2.36
2.22
2.29
2.41
2.31
2.16
2.23
2.32
2.24
2.10
2.22
2.31
2.21
2.09
2.27
2.34
2.23
2.20
2.31
2.40
2.30
2.15
2.29
2.37
2.27
2.07
2.10
2.29
2.15
2.14
2.21
2.31
2.22
2.11
2.16
2.30
2.19
2.11
2.15
2.33
2.20
2.20
2.30
2.38
2.30
2.16
2.23
2.36
2.25
10.41
12.07
12.83
9.80 9.31 10.54 9.93 2.07
11.40 10.85 12.31 11.58 2.16
12.35 11.98 13.05 12.52 2.31
2.17
2.23
2.32
2.12
2.20
2.32
2.11
2.22
2.35
2.23
2.32
2.40
2.17
2.27
2.38
11.77
11.18 10.71 11.97 11.34 2.18
2.24
2.21
2.23
2.32
2.27
0.11
0.18
Sig.
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
0.12
0.16
Sig.
0.29
N.S
N.S
N.S
0.03
0.04
Sig.
N.S
N.S
0.05
N.S
B- Chemical analysis:1- Protein percentage:Illustrated data in table (5) clearly indicated that varieties had
significantly affected the abovementioned trait in 2008/2009 and
-100-
0.02
0.02
Sig.
N.S
N.S
0.03
N.S
Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
2009/2010 seasons. Where, Misr-1 variety achieved the highest
protein percentage in both seasons. It exceeded the Giza-429 variety
by (4.10% and 3.42%) in the first and the second seasons,
respectively. While, it exceeded the Giza-40 variety by (6.01% and
7.22%) in the first and the second seasons, respectively. These results
are in line with those found by Ahmed and El-Abagy (2007) and ElBanna et al. (2009).
Table 5: Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on protein and
phosphorus percentage of some faba bean varieties in
2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons.
characters
Protein percentage
Seasons
Varieties
(V)
2008/2009
BioFertilizer
(B)
P-levels
(P2O5
kg/fed.)
(P)
B0
B1
15.5
31.0
46.5
20.25
24.60
27.30
22.40
26.10
30.20
24.05
18.80
23.40
26.33
Misr-1
Mean
Giza-429
15.5
31.0
46.5
Mean
15.5
31.0
46.5
Giza-40
Mean
Mean for
P-levels
(P)
Mean
15.5
31.0
46.5
phosphorus percentage
2009/2010
Mean
BioFertilizer
(B)
B0
B1
21.33
25.35
28.75
21.60
25.60
27.40
24.20
28.30
30.90
26.23
25.14
24.87
22.60
24.90
28.65
20.70
24.15
27.49
20.30
25.20
27.30
22.84
25.38
24.11
18.60
23.10
25.90
20.70
25.30
28.20
22.53
2008/2009
Mean
Biofertilizer
(B)
B0
B1
22.90
26.95
29.15
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.46
0.53
0.58
27.80
26.33
0.48
22.90
27.20
29.70
21.60
26.20
28.50
0.41
0.47
0.54
24.27
26.60
25.43
19.65
24.20
27.05
19.40
24.30
26.20
21.80
26.40
28.50
24.73
23.63
23.30
19.22
23.70
26.51
21.90
25.43
29.02
20.56
24.57
27.76
23.14
25.45
24.30
Mean
2009/2010
Biofertilizer
(B)
B1
0.44
0.51
0.56
0.43
0.49
0.55
0.47
0.55
0.59
0.45
0.52
0.57
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.54
0.51
0.45
0.53
0.59
0.43
0.50
0.57
0.40
0.49
0.56
0.47
0.55
0.61
0.44
0.52
0.58
0.47
0.52
0.49
0.49
0.54
0.51
20.60
25.35
27.35
0.41
0.48
0.54
0.45
0.54
0.58
0.43
0.51
0.56
0.42
0.49
0.54
0.47
0.55
0.60
0.45
0.52
0.57
25.57
24.43
0.48
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.54
0.50
20.43
25.03
26.97
22.97
27.30
29.70
21.70
26.17
28.33
0.41
0.48
0.54
0.45
0.53
0.58
0.43
0.51
0.56
0.42
0.49
0.55
0.47
0.55
0.60
0.45
0.52
0.57
24.14
26.66
25.40
0.48
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.54
0.51
L.S.D. at 5% for
Varieties (V)
Phosphorus(P)
Bio-fertilizer (B)
VXP
VXB
PXB
VXPXB
Mean
B0
0.77
0.72
Sig.
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
0.20
0.31
Sig.
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
-101-
N.S
0.03
Sig.
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
0.01
Sig.
N.S
N.S
N.S
N.S
Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.
The data indicated that phosphorus fertilizer levels had
significantly increased protein percentage in both seasons. The highest
values (27.76 and 28.33 %) were obtained when phosphorus was
applied at a rate of 46.5 kg P2O5/fed. during 2008/2009 and 2009/2010
seasons, respectively. These results might be due to the beneficial
effect of phosphorus fertilizer on leguminous crops due to its role in
activation the microbial population in nodules to fix more N2 that used
by plants in protein synthesis (Bhadoria et al. 1997). These results are
in accordance with those found by El-Habbasha et al. (2007) and
Rugheim and Abd El-Gani (2009).
The data showed that inoculation with P-dissolving bacteria had
significantly increased protein content in faba bean seeds compared
with uninoculated control plants. The beneficial effects of phosphorien
on protein percentage often related to the increase of nutrients uptake.
These results are in line with those found by El-Set, Abd-El-Aziz
(2005) and Osman et al. (2010) who reported that protein content was
significantly affected by bio-fertilizer.
The presented data revealed that protein percentage was not
significantly affected by all possible interactions.
2- Phosphorus percentage:Presented data in table (5) revealed that the three studied
varieties did not differ significantly for this character in 2008/2009
and 2009/2010 seasons. Same conclusion was found by Khalil et al.
(2004).
The data indicated that applying phosphorus fertilizer levels had
significantly affected phosphorus percentage in seeds in the two
growth seasons. However, the highest values (0.56% and 0.57%) were
obtained when phosphorus was applied at a rate of 46.5 kg P2O5/fed.
in both seasons, respectively. The response of faba bean plants to the
super phosphate application may be due to the increase of available
(P) in soil. These results are in accordance with those found by Talaatt
and Abdallah (2008) and Ibrahim (2009).
The data indicated that inoculation with phosphorien had
significantly increased phosphorus percentage in faba bean seeds
-102-
Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean
compared with uninoculated control plants. The inoculation with
phosphorien bacteria surpassed the uninoculation by (7.69% and
9.26%) in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasons, respectively. This may
be due to converting immobilized soil phosphorus to soluble from
increased plant phosphorus uptake and consequently, the uptake of
other nutrients, such effects increased phosphorus percentage in seeds.
The results of bio-fertilizer in phosphorus uptake obtained in the study
are in agreement with those obtained by Mohamed and Abbas (2005).
All studied interactions had no significant effect on such character
in the two seasons.
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(Fac. Ag. Saba Basha) 6 (4): 903- 929.
Megahed, M.A.M. and S.G.A. Mohamed (2001). Evaluation of
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-106-
‫‪Effect of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on faba bean‬‬
‫تأثير التسميد الفوسفاتي والحيوي علي إنتاج وجودة‬
‫بعض أصناف الفول البلدي‬
‫خلف عبد المجيد عمر العارف‪ -‬عبد الرحيم سيد أبو الحمد‬
‫مصطفي محمد إبراهيم ‪ -‬محمد عبد العزيز أحمد السيد‬
‫قسم المحاصيل‪-‬كلية الزراعة‪ -‬جامعة األزهر بأسيوط‬
‫أقيم ت تجربتتتاح حيليتتتاح عمزرع ت للي ت الزراع ت ‪ -‬جامع ت اهزهتتر عطستتيو‬
‫خت‬
‫موسمي ‪ 8002/8002‬و ‪ 8000/8002‬لدراس استتجاع الت أ أصت اف متح الفتو البلتد‬
‫( مصر‪ ,0-‬جيزة – ‪ 982‬و جيتزة‪ )90 -‬للتستميد عمعتد‬
‫مختلفت متح الستماد الفوستفاتي‬
‫(‪ 10 ,0151‬و ‪ 9.51‬لجتتم تتو‪8‬أ‪ /1‬تتداح ) والمعامل ت عالتستتميد الحيتتو (ل تتترو والتليتتي‬
‫عالفوسفوريح) وأالر ذلك علي المحصتو وجودتت‬
‫وقتد استتخدم تصتميم اليطاعتا الم شتي‬
‫متترتيح تتي أربت ملتتر ار حيتتأ وزعت اهصت اف تتي اليطت الرايستتي بي متتا وزعت معتتد‬
‫التستتتميد الفوستتتفاتي و الحيتتتو عشتتتواايا علتتتي اليطتتت الم شتتتي و الم شتتتي متتترتيح علتتتي‬
‫الترتيب‬
‫وقد أظهر ال تااج المتحصل عليها اخت ا مع ويا بيح أصت اف الفتو البلتد‬
‫تي‬
‫ي ل الموسميح ‪ ,‬بي ما لاح ا ختت ف مع ويتا تي عتدد اه ترو و وزح البتذور‪ /‬عتا‬
‫تي‬
‫وزح ‪000‬بتتذرة و محصتتولي البتتذور واليف‪ /‬تتداح و ال ستتع الماويت للبتتروتيح تتي البتتذور‬
‫الموسم اهو‬
‫كا‬
‫يط ‪ ,‬أما عال سع لعدد اليروح‪ /‬عا و ال سع الماوي للفوسفور ي البتذور‬
‫الفروق غيتر مع ويت‬
‫تفتوق الصت ف مصتر‪ 0-‬علتي جيتزة‪ 90-‬و جيتزة‪ 982 -‬تي‬
‫لل الصفا المدروس‬
‫أد زيتتادة معتتد‬
‫داح إلي زيادة مع وي‬
‫التستتميد الفوستتفاتي متتح ‪ 10 , 0151‬إلتتي ‪ 9.51‬لجتتم تتو‪8‬أ‪/1‬‬
‫ي لل الصفا تح الدراس‬
‫‪-107-‬‬
‫ي ل الموسميح‬
‫‪Kh. A.O. El-Arif et al.‬‬
‫أد الليتتتال العلتيتتتر عالفوستتتفوريح إلتتتي زيتتتادة مع ويتتت‬
‫تتتي عتتتدد اه تتترو و عتتتدد‬
‫اليروح و وزح البذور‪ /‬عا و وزح ‪000‬بذرة و محصولي البتذور واليف‪ /‬تداح و ال ستع‬
‫الماوي للبروتيح والفوسفور ي البذور ي ل الموسميح‬
‫أد التفاعتتل بتتيح التستتميد الفوستتفاتي والحيتتو إلتتي تتتطالير مع تتو‬
‫تتي صتتف عتتدد‬
‫اليروح محصو البذور‪ /‬عا ‪ ,‬وزح ‪000‬بذرة و محصو اليف‪ /‬داح ي لت الموستميح ‪,‬‬
‫و عتتدد اه تترو ‪ /‬عتتا‬
‫تتي الموستتم اهو‬
‫الفوسفاتي إلي تطالير مع و‬
‫يتتط ‪ ,‬لمتتا أد التفاعتتل بتتيح أهص ت اف والتستتميد‬
‫ي صتف وزح ‪000‬بتذرة و محصتو البذور‪ /‬تداح تي الموستم‬
‫الالا ي يط‬
‫وعصتتف عام ت توصتتي الدراس ت بزراع ت الص ت ف مصتتر‪ 0-‬واضتتا‬
‫ستتماد الستتوبر‬
‫وستتفا عمعتتد ‪ 9.51‬لجتتم تتو‪8‬ا‪ / 1‬تتداح والمعامل ت عالستتماد الحيتتو (الفوستتفوريح) وذلتتك‬
‫لتحييق أعلي محصو مح عاتا الفو البلد تح ظروف اسيو‬
‫‪-108-‬‬