Life Science CRCT Study Guide
S7L2. Cells
- Cells take in nutrients in order to grow and divide and to make needed materials for
repair and reproduction
- Cells are organized into tissues→ tissues are organized into organs→ organs are organized
into organ systems→ organ systems make organisms
- Four types of tissue: 1- muscle tissue: contracts for movement and support, 2- Nerve
tissue: signals to muscles, informs us of environmental conditions (hot, cold, humid, 3Epithelial Tissue: Lines our organs, 4- Connective Tissue: Connects, supports, and protects
other tissues
1. Chloroplast - (solar panel) allows plants to produce food from sunlight, gives
green color /only in plants
2. Large Vacuole- (warehouse) storage center of cell, provides stability and
support when filled with liquid (on plant cell)
3. Cell Wall- (wall) gives the cell shape, strength, and support / only in plants
4. Mitochondria- (power plant) produces 90% of cell’s energy / both
5. Lysosome- (city dump) breaks down old parts and large molecules /only in
animals
6. Nucleus- (city hall) control center of cell / both
7. Cell Membrane- (border) outer coverage of cell for exiting and entering the
cell / both
8. Cytoplasm- (air) jelly-like substance found inside cell in which organelles
are found / both
9. ER- (highway) transports materials around cell / both
10. Ribosome- (factory) manufactures protein / both
11. Golgi body- (post office) packages materials for export from cell / both
12. Vacuole- (warehouse) cell’s storage centers (on animal cell)
Major Human Body Organ Systems
Body Organization and Structure
Integumentary System: your skin, hair and nails protect your inside from your
outside and prevent infection while maintaining homeostasis ( stable internal
temperature).
Muscular System: your muscular system works with the skeletal to help you
move by contracting your muscles.
Skeletal System: your bones provide a frame to support and protect your body
parts.
Circulation and Respiration
Cardiovascular System: your heart pumps blood through all your blood
vessels passing nutrients and oxygen to your cells; pumps blood
Circulatory System: carries blood throughout the body
Lymphatic System: returns leaked fluids to blood vessels and helps get rid of
bacteria and viruses; cleans you blood.
Respiratory System: your lungs absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide;
breathing
The Digestive and Urinary System
Digestive System: breaks down the food you eat into nutrients that your body
can absorb.
Urinary System: removes wastes from the blood and regulates your body’s
fluids.
Reproduction and Development
Male Reproductive System: produces and delivers sperm
Female Reproductive System: produces eggs and nourishes and protects the
fetus.
Communication and Control
Nervous System: receives and sends electrical messages throughout your body
Endocrine System: your glands send out chemical messages called hormones.
Ovaries and testes are part of this system.
Heredity and genetics
S7L3. Biological traits are passed on to successive generations (offspring of
first generation)
-Selective Breeding: producing or breeding plants and animals with the most
desired traits or features.
Heredity- is the passing of traits from parents to their offspring
Characteristics –is a feature that has different forms
Incomplete dominance– both parents influence the offspring/one white and one
red and the offspring is pink
Alleles –different versions of a gene
Punnett Square- a tool used to determine the probability or chance of an
offspring getting a trait
• Homozygous – possessing 2 of the same alleles for a particular trait (SS or
ss or TT or tt)
• Homozygous dominant = SS or TT
• Homozygous recessive = ss or tt
• Heterozygous – possessing different alleles for a particular trait (Ss or Tt)
• Genotype - the genetic make-up of an organism
HH: homozygous dominant
Hh: heterozygous dominant
hh: homozygous recessive
• Phenotype: the way an organism looks or behaves based on the genotype
(trait)
Examples: blond hair, brown eyes, long nose
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction: only one parent is needed to produce offspring and the
offspring has exact copies of the parent’s genotype. (Budding, regeneration,
fragmentation, mitosis)
Sexual Reproduction: cells from two parents join to form offspring. The
offspring shares traits from both parents but the offspring are not exactly
alike each other. (Meiosis: Every adult has 46 chromosomes and in sexual
reproduction the mother gives 23 chromosomes and the father gives 23
chromosomes. In those chromosomes are genes which are instructions for
an inherited trait from your parents.)
Interdependence of Life
S7L4.Matter and energy is transferred or passed in a food web or food chain
from one organism to another, such as:
-from the sun to producer
-from producer to primary consumer
-from primary consumer to secondary consumer
-from secondary consumer to tertiary consumer
-from tertiary consumer to decomposer
-from decomposer back to the producer
* All matter, nutrients, energy, water, nitrogen and carbon is recycled between
organisms and their environments.
* All energy originated from the sun and moves from organism to organism in a
food web, food chain, or energy pyramid
* In an energy pyramid the # of organisms decrease and the amount of energy
decreases as you go up the energy pyramid
* Only 10% of the energy in an organism is passed on when it is eaten because it
has used the other 90% on life processes
*Food webs are made up of multiple food chains
Changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals
and entire species (floods, oil spills, droughts, hurricanes, etc…)
Relationships between Organisms
-predator (eat other organisms)/ Prey (eaten by predator)
-competition: when two organisms fight for the same resources (water, food,
sunlight, or space).
-mutualism: relationship when both organisms benefit from each other (win/
win)
-parasitism: relationship when one organism (parasite) benefits from another
organism (host) while the host is harmed (win/ lose)
-commensalism: relationships when one organism benefits and the other
organisms are unharmed or unaffected (win/ unharmed)
Levels of Environmental Organization
Smallest-organism (one individual) → population (more than one organism of
the same specie) → community (more than one population in the same area)
→ecosystem (more than one community in the same area) →biosphere (
Area where all living things exist) Largest
Biomes
Biomes: a large are of land with similar biotic and abiotic factors
Abiotic: nonliving part of the environment (ex. air, weather, rocks, water, soil, sun)
Biotic: living or once living part of the environment (ex. plants and animals)
Land or Terrestrial Biomes
Forest: 1- Tropical rainforest: greatest variety of plants and animals that live the
canopy (tree tops) of the trees. Subtropical or tropical weather and found near the
equator. 2-Coniferous (Taiga): conifer trees which have needle-shaped leaves
covered in a thick, waxy coating that help them to conserve water and stay green
year round (evergreen);Cold weather. 3-Temperate Deciduous: Shed their leaves
to save water during the winter; Found in Savannah, Ga.
Grassland: 1- Temperate (praire): Fires and droughts prevent trees and shrubs
from growing. It has seed eating animals, many kinds of tall grass with no trees,
and warm summers and cold winters. 2- Savannas: It has lots of rainfall during
some seasons and very little rain during dry season. It also has lions, zebra, and
wildebeests.
Desert: Very dry biome and most are very hot.
Tundra: Very cold biome with little rainfall and it also has permafrost all year
long which is a frozen layer of soil; 1-Polar: North and South poles 2-Alpine:
Similar to polar but are found at the top of tall mountains
Marine Ecosystems
*Marine ecosystems are saltwater. They are warm near the surface and colder as
you go to deeper depth. (Sea, Ocean, Coral reef, Estuary)
Plankton: are tiny organisms that float near the surface of the ocean.
Major Zones: Intertidal: where the ocean meets the shore, neritic: further from
the shore where the ocean floor begins to slope downward, oceanic: the surface of
the open ocean where the phytoplankton and many of the consumers live, benthic:
ocean floor and the zone that is the coldest and receives no sunlight
Freshwater
*Water with no salt.
*Rivers are larger than streams (Moving water)/ Lakes are larger ponds. (Stored
water)
*Wetland: an area of land that is sometimes under water or whose soil contains a
lot of water; marsh: treeless wetland, swamp: wetland in which trees and vines
grow
S7L5.
Evolution
*Organisms adapt (gradually change to fit) to their environment over time and
generations through natural selection (the stronger or better adapted traits survive
while the weaker traits are not passed on) vestigial adaptation: A change in the
features of an organism that has no purpose
Evolution: the process in which populations change over time
Sedimentary rocks forms when pieces of sand, dust, or soil are laid down in flat
layers; they may contain fossils.
Fossils are remains or imprints of once living organisms.
Charles Darwin developed the theory that humans may have evolved from a
common ancestor with monkeys.
*Some animals survive nature by developing defense mechanisms like:
camouflage, mimicry, venom, bright colors, running, herding, etc……
THE CELL
1. What part of the cell is responsible for breaking down and digesting things?
ribosomes
lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
vacuole
2. Identify the organelle pictured.
chloroplast
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
3. What part of the cell serves as the intracellular highway?
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
cell membrane
mitochondria
4. Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?
DNA
cell membrane
golgi apparatus
ribosomes
5. Which of the following is found in plant cells, but not animal cells?
cell wall
vacuole
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
6. The jellylike interior of the cell is called the:
vacuole
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
nucleus
7. Identify the organelle.
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
lysosome
8. What part of the cell makes proteins?
ribosomes
mitochondria
lysosomes
vacuole
9. Where are ribosomes usually located in animal and plant cells?
inside the nucleus
near the cell membrane
on the endoplasmic reticulum
inside the vacuole
10. What part of the cell serves to process, package and export proteins?
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
golgi apparatus