Guided Review for Chapter 1
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
Chapter 1 covers material you should have covered in previous courses. It will not
explicitly be covered in the lecture, but I will test on this material. There is a lot of
vocabulary. Please see me in office hour or email me if you have trouble with this
material.
Terms to know
Eukaryote
metabolites
Prokaryote
genome
Plasma membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
Cytoplasm
Golgi complex
Cytosol
nucleolus
Ribosome
cell wall
Nucleus
glyoxysome
Nucleoid
vacuole
cell envelope
plasmodesma
cytoskeleton
thylakoids
mitochondria
starch granules
organelle
membrane
nuclear envelope
chloroplast
peroxisome
plasmid
lysosome
metabolome
in vitro
in vivo
endocytosis
stereoisomers
exocytosis
stereospecific reactions
configuration
enantiomers
conformation
diastereomers
geometric isomers
chiral centers
racemic mixture
meso compound
enthalpy
entropy
free energy content(Gibbs' free energy)
exergonic
endergonic
exothermic
endothermic
oxidation
oxidizing agent
reduction
reducing agent
dynamic steady state
equilibrium
pathway
metabolism
catabolism
anabolism
catalyst
activation energy
enzyme
transition state
native conformation
mutation
gene
photosynthesis
electronegativity
polar bonds and molecules
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonding
London forces
Nucleophile
Free radical
Polymer
non-polar bonds and molecules
ionic bonds
dipole attractions
van der Waals' forces
electrophile
ion
monomer
Other Things to Review at this point
1. Organic functional groups: carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester, ether, amides, amino,
sulfhydryl, disulfide, thioester, phosphoryl, phosphoanhydride, phosphoester, anhydride,
and phenyl, methyl, ethyl groups
These are all on figure 1-15 except the phosphoester group.
2. Bonding:
valences and covalences of C, N, O, H and S in particular
freedom of rotation about bonds (or not)
concept of steric hindrance
geometry, especially of carbon, with single, double or triple bonds
present (linear, bent, pyramidal, tetrahedral)
3. Equation review
Expression for the free energy change. (pg. 23)
How to write equations for equilibrium constants. (pg. 26)
Relationship between standard free energy and the equilibrium constant.(pg. 26)
Relationship between free energy and standard free energy (eq. 1-1)
Also, recall diagrams that show the course of a reaction (see page 27, figure 1-27).
4. Problems
Make sure that as a minimum you review the following problems from chapter 1.
6, 7, 8, 12
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes.
What is the main energy producing organelle in animal cells? Plant cells?
What cell structure is the site of protein synthesis?
What is the main structural component of membrane structures?
What is the genetic material of most organisms and where in the cell is this found?
What are the 4 major types of biochemicals?
7. What is different about a catalyzed reaction and an un-catalyzed reaction?
8. What geometry is around the carbon atom in CO2, CH4, CH2O (formaldehyde)?
9. What is the geometry about the oxygen in water? about the nitrogen in ammonia?
10. Which elements are most prevalent in living organisms?
11. What is the difference between configurations and conformations?
12. What criteria for the free energy, enthalpy or entropy make a reaction spontaneous?