Bio 1120 Key Vocabulary by Text Chapter (Russell) Chapter 1: Genetics: An Introduction Eukaryotes Prokaryoties Diploid Mitosis Meiosis Genetics *RNA (ribonucleic acid) Chromosomes Heterozygous *Translation Dominant *Population genetics Recombination Locus/gene locus Homologous chromosomes Autosomes Sister chromatids Metaphase *Nucleotide Genome Genotype *Ribosome Recessive *Quantitative genetics *Selection Nucleus *Base Alleles Phenotype *Genetic code *Operon Transmission genetics *Genetic databases Nucleolus Nonhomologous chromosomes Karyotype Daughter chromosomes Telophase Homologue Centromere Chromatid Anaphase Haploid *DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Genes Homozygous *Transcription *Codon *Molecular genetics *Mutation *Genetic maps Zygote Sex chromosomes Cell cycle Prophase Interphase Recombinant Cytokinesis Gene segregation Crossing-over chromosome NOTE: Chapter 1 concepts will generally be treated in more depth in later parts of the course; what is needed at this point is a general understanding of the meanings of the terms. Terms/concepts marked with a * are definitely for consideration later in the course, and you don’t put effort into much understanding of those at this time. Chapter 2: Mendelian Genetics Hereditary traits Self-fertilization Genes Cross-fertilization F1 (first filial) generation Particulate factors Homozygous Genotype Phenotype True-breeding Pure-breeding F2 (second filial) P genetation Monohybrid cross generation Reciprocal cross Alleles Recessive Dominant Heterozygous PUnnett square Mendel’s Second Law Mendel’s First Law Test cross (Independent Dihybrid cross (Segregation) Assortment) Trihybrid cross Chi-square test* Pedigree analysis Wild type allele *We will look at chi-square testing in more depth later when we talk about linkage Chapter 3: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Sex Linkage, and Sex Determination Autosomes Heterogametic sex Hemizygous Sex chromosomes Homogametic sex Sex-linked X chromosome Wild tpe X-linked Dosage compensation Barr body Lyon hypothesis Transgenic organism Z chromosome W chromosome Y chromosome Mutant Nondisjunction Testis-determining factor Y-linked (holandric) Chapter 4: Extensions of Mendelian Genetic Analysis Multiple alleles Complete dominance Incomplete dominance Codominance Complete recessiveness Epistasis Lethal allele* Penetrance Expressivity Sex-limited traits Sex-influenced traits Conditional mutations *Refer to additional materials from instructor re. pseudodominance and lethal alleles. Chapter 5: Gene Mapping in Eukaryotes Linkage DNA markers Recombinants Trans configuration Interference Linked genes Parental genotypes Genetic mapping Map units (MU)/ Linkage Map Units Chi-square analysis Genetic recombination Parental classes Linkage map Two-point testcrosses Gene markers Parentals Cis configuration Three-point testcrosses Chapter 6: Gene Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages Bacteriophage Nucleoid Auxotrophs Prototrophs Hfr strains Episomes Plasmids Conjugation E.coli Transduction Phage vectors Transformation Virulent phage Lysis Lytic cycle Temperate phage Lysogeny Lysogenic cycle Prophage Plaque **This is a “skim” chapter. There are a number of concepts related to bacteria and the viruses (phage) that attack them which you need to know, particularly for some of the later parts of the course, but you do not need to know much detail about actual mapping in bacteria and bacteriophage. Chapter 7: Non-Mendelian Genetics Mitochondria Chloroplasts Endosymbiosis Endosymbiotic hypothesis Uniparental inheritance Maternal inheritance **This is another “skim” chapter. You will not need to know much about extra-nuclear inheritance. Chapter 8: DNA: The Genetic Material DNA Transforming principle RNA Avery (McLeod and McCarty) Nucleotides Deoxyribonucleotides X-Ray diffraction Nucleic acids Griffith/transformation Ribonuclease Deoxyribonuclease Hershey-Chase Pentose Phosphate group Ribonucleotides Double helix Watson-Crick Complementary base *Adenine *Thymine pairs *Cytosine *Uracil *Deoxyribose Genome Nucleoid Supercoiled Histones Chromatin Euchromatin Unique-sequence DNA Highly repetitive DNA *You do not need to know the chemical structures of these molecules Nitrogenous base Polynucleotides Rosalind Franklin *Guanine *Ribose Topoisomerases Heterochromatin Chapter 9: DNA Replication Semiconservative model Density gradient centrifugation Template strands Replication fork Okazaki fragments Conservative model Dispersive model Meselson-Stahl DNA polymerases Origin of Replication Replication bubble DNA helicase Leading strand Semi-discontinuous replication DNA primase Lagging strand RNA primer Gyrase DNA ligase S phase Neurospora One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis Amniocentesis Minimal medium Replicon Chapter 10: Gene Control of Proteins Prototroph Ascospores Antigen Auxotroph One gene-one enzyme Hypothesis Antibody Pleiotropic Centrifugation Supernatant Chorionic villus sampling Chapter 11: Gene Expression: Transcription Transcription Promoter Ribosome Translation mRNA Precursor mRNAs Structural genes tRNA 5’ cap Introns Exons Spliceosomes Amino acids Polymerized Transcription factors Terminator TATA box Activators Silencer elements RNA editing Leader sequence tRNA cloverleaf Coding sequence Anticodon Peptide bond Quaternary structure Anticodon Chain-terminating (stop) codon Cell-free system Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Polyribosome (polysome) Non-template strand (also called the antisense strand) Enhancers Trailer sequence RNA polymerase rRNA 3’ PolyA tail Ribosomal subunits (small and large) Template strand (also called the sense strand) Chapter 12: Gene Expression: Translation Protein Primary structure Triplet code Polypeptide Secondary structure Codon Amino acid Tertiary structure Ribosome Initiator (start) codon P site A site Genetic code Frameshift Nonsense (chain terminating) codon Deletion Sense codon Charged tRNA (Aminoacyl tRNA Initiation factors Peptidyl synthetase Termination (release) factor Wobble hypothesis Translocation Chapter 13: Recombinant DNA Cloning Technology Chapter 14: Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology Chapter 15: Genome Analysis Chapter 16: Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages Lactose Operon Repressor-operator system Lysis/lytic life cycle Inducer Repressor gene Negative gene control Repressible operon E. coli Polygenic (polycistronic) mRNA Attenuator site Lysogeny/lysogenic life cycle Induction Repressor molecule/protein Positive gene control CAP-cAMP Operator Regulatory gene Promoter Lactose operon (lac operon) Virulent phage Temperate phage Constitutive genes Regulated genes Effectors Inducible gene Catabolite repression (glucose effect) Inducible operon Lambda phage Cis-dominance Partial diploid Trp operon