PENSUM/SYLLABUS GEOF 130
Følgende bøker/The following books from The Open University:
Volume 2: Seawater: its composition, properties and behaviour.
Volume 3: Ocean circulation
Volume 4: Waves, tides and shallow-water processes
Seawater: its composition, properties and behaviour.
Chap. 1 Water, air and ice
1.1 The special properties of water
1.1.1 The effect of dissolved salts
1.2 The hydrological cycle
1.2.1 Water in the atmosphere
1.2.2 Ice in the ocean
Chap. 2 Temperature in the oceans
2.1 Solar radiation
2.2 Temperature in the oceans
2.2.1 The transfer of heat and water across the air-sea surface
2.3 Distribution of temperature with depth
2.5 Temperature distribution and water movement
Chap. 3 Salinity in the oceans
3.1 Constancy of composition
3.1.1 Changes due to local conditions
3.1.2 Salts from seawater
3.2 Variations in salinity
3.2.1 Distribution of salinity with depth
3.2.2 Distribution of surface salinity
3.3 The measurement of salinity
3.3.1 Chemical methods of salinity measurement
3.3.2 Physical methods of salinity measurement
3.3.3 The formal definition of salinity
Chap. 4 Density and pressure in the oceans
4.1 Water masses
4.2 Depth (pressure), density and temperature
4.2.1 Adiabatic temperature changes
4.3 T-S diagrams
4.3.1 Using σt
4.3.2 σθ and vertical stability
4.3.3 The use of T-S diagrams
4.3.4 Conservative and non-conservative properties
4.4 Mixing processes in the oceans
4.4.1 Molecular and turbulent diffusion
4.4.2 Stratification and microstructure
4.4.3 Fronts
4.4.4 Eddies
Chap. 5 Light and sound in seawater
5.1 Underwater light
Chap. 6 The seawater solution
6.1 The gross chemical composition of seawater
6.1.1 Classification of dissolved constituents
6.1.2 The nutrients
6.1.3 Dissolved gases
6.1.4 Dissolved gases as tracers
6.2 Sources and sinks, or why the sea is salt
6.2.1 Comparison of seawater with other natural waters
6.2.2 Seawater and river water
6.2.3 Origin of the chloride
6.2.4 The sodium balance
6.2.5 Chemical fluxes and residence times
6.3 Chemical and biological reactions in seawater
6.3.1 Interaction between dissolved species
6.3.2 The carbonate system, alkalinity and control of pH
6.3.3 Non-biological controls on minor and trace element concentrations
6.3.4 Biological controls on minor and trace element concentrations
6.3.5 Biological activity as a sink for trace elements
Chap. 7 Seawater and the global cycle
7.1 A short history of seawater
7.1.1 The special case of CO2
7.1.2 Climate and Earth’s orbit
7.2 A look ahead
Ocean circulation.
Chap. 1 Introduction
1.1. The Coriolis effect
1.2 The radiation balance of the earth-ocean-atmosphere system
Chap. 2 The atmosphere and the ocean
2.1 The global wind system
2.2 Poleward transport of heat by the atmosphere
2.2.1 Large-scale circulation in mid-latitudes
2.2.2 Vertical convection in the atmosphere
2.3 Atmosphere-ocean interaction
2.3.1 Easterly waves and tropical cyclones
2.3.2 A brief look ahead
Chap. 3 Ocean currents
3.1 The action of wind on surface waters
3.1.1 Frictional coupling with the ocean
3.1.2 Ekman motion
3.2 Inertia currents
3.3 Geostrophic currents
3.3.1 Pressure gradients in the ocean
3.3.2 Barotropic and baroclinic conditions
3.3.3 Determination of geostrophic current velocities
3.3.4 Pressure, density and dynamic topography
3.4 Divergences and convergences
3.5 The energy of the ocean: Scales of motion
3.5.1 Kinetic energy spectra
3.5.2 Eddies
Chap. 4 The North Atlantic gyre: Observations and theories
4.1 The Gulf Stream
4.1.1 Early observations and theories
4.2 The subtropical gyres
4.2.1 Vorticity
4.2.2 Why is there a Gulf Stream?
4.2.3 The equation of motion
4.3 Modern observations of the North Atlantic
4.3.1 The Gulf Stream system
4.3.2 Geostrophic flow in the Gulf Stream
4.3.6 Gulf Stream “rings”
4.4 Coastal upwelling in eastern boundary currents
4.5 The North Atlantic Oscillation
Chap. 5 Other major current systems
5.1 Equatorial current systems
5.1.1 The Equatorial Undercurrent
5.1.2 Up-welling in low latitudes
5.2 Monsoonal circulation
5.2.1 Monsoon winds over the Indian ocean
5.2.2 The current system of the Indian ocean
5.3 The role of long waves in ocean circulation
5.3.1 Oceanic wave guides and Kelvin waves
5.3.2 Rossby waves
5.4 El Niño-Southern oscillation
5.5 Circulation in high latitudes
5.5.1 The Arctic Sea
5.5.2 The Southern Ocean
Chap. 6 Global fluxes and the deep circulation
6.1 The ocean heat budget
6.1.1 Solar radiation
6.1.2 The heat-budget equation
6.2 Conservation of salt
6.2.1 Practical application of the principles of conservation and continuity
6.3 Oceanic water masses
6.3.1 Upper and intermediate water masses
6.3.2 Deep and bottom water masses
6.4 Oceanic mixing and temperature-salinity diagrams
6.4.1 Mixing in the ocean
6.4.2 Temperature-salinity diagrams
6.5 Non-conservative and artificial tracers
6.6 Global fluxes of heath and freshwater
6.6.1 The global thermohaline conveyor
Waves, tides and shallow-water processes.
Chap. 1 Waves
1.1 What are waves?
1.1.1 Types of waves
1.1.2 Wind-generated waves on the ocean
1.1.3 The fully developed sea
1.1.4 Wave height and steepness
1.2 Surface wave theory
1.2.1 Motion of water particles
1.2.2 Wave speed
1.2.3 Wave speed in deep and in shallow water
1.2.4 Assumptions made in surface wave theory
1.3 Wave dispersion and group speed
1.4 Wave energy
1.4.1 Propagation of wave energy
1.4.2 Attenuation of wave energy
1.4.3 Swell
1.4.4 Uses of wave energy
1.5 Waves approaching the shore
1.5.1 Wave refraction
1.5.2 Waves breaking upon the shore
1.6 Wave of unusual character
1.6.1 Waves and currents
1.6.2 Giant waves
1.6.3 Tsunamis
1.6.4 Seiches
1.7 Measurements of Wave
1.7.1 Satellite observations of waves
Chap. 2 Tides
2.1 Tide-producing forces – The earth-moon system
2.1.1 Variations in the lunar-induced tides
2.2 Tide-producing forces – The earth-sun system
2.2.1 Interaction of solar and lunar tides
2.3 The dynamic theory of tides
2.3.1 Prediction of tides by the harmonic method
2.4 Real tides
2.4.1 Tides and tidal currents in shallow seas
2.4.2 Storm surges
2.4.3 Tides in rivers and estuaries
2.4.4 Tidal power