PRACTICE EXAM 3 – Some of this may look familiar, but the exam is different!
1. In a cell, (nuclear) DNA is enclosed in the __________.
2. Division of the nucleus, called ________________, occurs before division of the
cytoplasm, called __________________________.
3. The important roles of cell division—in particular, mitosis—are
_________________, ______________________, and _______________________.
4. The two parts of the cell cycle are ___________ and ___________. During the phase
that takes most of the time, DNA ________________ and during the other phase it
_____________________, which is necessary before the cell can divide.
5. Chromosomes are composed of ____________________, which is a mix of DNA and
_____________________________.
6. Compare and contrast sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. In anaphase, ____________________________ and the place where they are
connected (_______________) are separated by the ___________________________
to make ___ cells. The DNA made in both cells is genetically (identical/different).
8. __________________________________ control the cell cycle and thus cell growth.
9. Cancer cells are different from normal cells in that ___________________________.
They are not inhibited by things normal cells are, including ____________________.
10. Mitotic reproduction is (asexual/sexual), while meiosis happens in (asexual/sexual).
11. What four things contribute to genetic variation? _____________________________
_____________________________________________ and meiosis. Describe those.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What two mechanisms are there in meiosis that contribute to genetic variation?
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Mitosis produces ___________________________________ while meiosis produces
_____________________________________________.
13. Humans have _____ pairs of homologous chromosomes, which can be seen in a
special test called a ________________; each pair is genetically (identical/different),
and each chromatid of each pair is genetically (identical/different).
14. Crossing over, which happens at the _____________, occurs during what phase of
meiosis? ______________________ It creates ___________________ chromosomes.
15. Synapsis happens during what phase of meiosis? What is synapsis? ______________
_____________________________________________________________________
16. During anaphase I, ___________________________ are pulled apart, which are
genetically (identical/different), by microtubules attached to the ________________.
17. During anaphase II, ___________________________ are pulled apart, which are
genetically (identical/different). Why are they that way? _______________________
18. When do we see tetrads? _____________________ Dyads? ____________________
19. After telophase II, there are 4 genetically (identical/different), (haploid/diploid) cells
that are called ____________________ in humans (and other mammals).
20. When looking at the steps in each of the phases of meiosis and mitosis, what is the
key difference between meiosis I and meiosis II? Mitosis and meiosis II? __________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
21. What errors may occur during meiosis that causes syndromes, and what are some of
those syndromes? ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
22. The blending hypothesis predicts that ______________________________________
___________________________________, while the particulate hypothesis predicts
____________________________________________________________________.
23. The work of _________________, who started the field of genetics, supports the
(blending/particulate) hypothesis.
24. He started with the parental or (F2/P/F1) generation, cross-pollinated them, created
the (F2/P/F1) generation and then self-pollinated those to create the (F2/P/F1).
25. He discovered that the F1 offspring had the (dominate/recessive) trait and that the
(dominate/recessive) trait reappeared in the F2 offspring in a ________ ratio. This
ratio can be demonstrated by drawing a __________________________________.
26. This lead to his belief that everyone has two “particles,” one from each parent. They
are now called _______________. Each “particle” is found on one chromatid in
__________________. During the phase ___________, the “particles” are separated.
27. Describe the Law of Segregation as it applies to the “particles” and to chromosomes.
_____________________________________________________________________
28. Describe the Law of Independent Assortment as it applies to the “particles” and
chromosomes. ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
29. You are given a purple flower. Purple is its (phenotype/genotype). Since purple is a
dominant trait, you perform a _____________ to determine its (phenotype/genotype).
30. T or F: If a flower is pink but its parents were red and white, it is an example of
pleiotropy.
31. What is incomplete dominance? Does it support the particulate hypothesis? ________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
32. Compare and contrast pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance. ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
33. Sickle cell disease is an example of _______________________________________.
34. Sutton’s Chromosome Theory of Heredity proposed that _______________________
____________________________________________________________________.
35. Morgan did many tests on flies. He discovered wild type and mutant phenotypes.
Define those. _________________________________________________________
What is a “vestigial” trait? _______________________________________________
36. Since the mutant phenotype was found only in males, Morgan discovered _________
__________________________. How did his discovery relate to the Theory of
Heredity? ____________________________________________________________
37. What are “sex-linked” genes? How do they cause certain disorders? ______________
_____________________________________________________________________
38. What are linked genes? Do they follow Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?
_____________________________________________________________________
39. A dog that is heterozygous for two traits (i.e. BbHh) mated with a dog with recessive
genes (bbhh). The majority of the puppies (90%) had the phenotypes of their parents.
What does this suggest about the two traits? How did some puppies NOT have the
phenotypes of their parents? _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
40. Those puppies that didn’t have either parent’s phenotype are called
___________________ offspring.
41. The probability of recombination depends on ________________________________
and is higher when ____________________________________________________.
42. What is genomic imprinting? _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
43. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution had two ideas. What were they? Describe them. Are
either valid? __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
44. What are Darwin’s two main ideas of his Theory of Evolution? Describe them. Are
either valid? __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
45. The environment limits the population of salmon; only some live to _____________.
How does this relate to natural selection? ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
46. T or F: Natural selection leads to perfectly adapted species.
47. Natural selection acts on the (individual/population). Evolution acts on the
(individual/population). Does this mean individuals can evolve? (Yes!/No!)
48. Natural selection is ____________________ to the environment.
49. T or F: Evolution always leads to more complex species and explains the origin of
life on Earth.
50. Name some key evidence supporting Darwin’s theory. ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Specifically, what is artificial selection? How does it support the theory? __________
_____________________________________________________________________
51. We say evolution acts on the population, but what about pesticide resistance? Is that
an example of an individual insect evolving? Explain. _________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
52. In microevolution, ________________—a localized group of organisms of the same
species—is studied by looking at their __________________, or total composition of
genes (for all time/at that time).
53. What is allelic frequency? Why do we analyze it over and over for a population?
_____________________________________________________________________
54. What does the Hardy-Weinberg theory state? Are his conditions realistic? What does
his equation show? _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
55. There are 2 main causes for microevolution. Describe each and how it affects
populations. __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
56. In what 2 effects can genetic drift have a huge impact? Describe them. ____________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
57. There are 3 modes of natural selection. What are they, and when do they occur?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
58. Sexual reproduction (increases/decreases) (phenotypic/genetic) diversity within a
population. Do you know how? ___________________________________________
59. Natural selection works on that diversity, (increasing/decreasing)
(phenotypic/genetic) diversity within a population. (Do you know how?)
60. In spite of natural selection, there are 3 things that help to keep genetic diversity.
What are they? ________________________________________________________
61. _____________________, or the origin of new species, is a way of increasing
________________________________________. How does this process occur?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
62. There are two patterns of speciation. What are they? Do both increase biological
diversity? ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
63. Reproductive barriers can occur within a species; these barriers can be ____________
or _____________. What are examples of each? _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
64. T or F: There is only one way to identify a species: the Biological Species Concept.
65. What does the biological species concept state? ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What are some limitations of this concept? __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
66. There are two ways that speciation occurs geographically. Describe each. _________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
67. What is adaptive radiation? ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
68. “Macroevolutionary changes accumulate through time.” What does that mean? How
did complex organs (i.e. eyes) evolve? _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
What part of Darwin’s theory does this statement relate to? _____________________
69. T or F: Over time, trends in evolution can result from adaptations to a changing
environment…meaning that evolution is always making more complex beings.