Biochemistry
Introduction
[Contents]
Biochemistry is the study of life on the molecular level. Therefore, biochemistry,
as the name implies, is the chemistryof life. Life, at its most basic level, is a
biochemical phenomenon including two basic characteristics: self-refresh
(metabolism), and self-replication and self-assembly (expression and transmission of
genetic information).
The 21st century is an era of life science. Lots of wonders are being created, and
explosive information is being provided at an unprecedented speed. Biochemistry is a
window opening to the world of life science. Thus, the knowledge of biochemistry
which involves the study of chemical molecules and reactions in living organisms,
and the elucidations of the nature of live phenomenon on the molecular level, is
essential to medical students, as well as to the students of other related disciplines.
As is known to all, when biochemistry is taught in English, it will be
double-beneficial to the students, for they get trained in their professional language
while learning biochemical knowledge. This is not only significant to students who
want to expand their knowledge from other sources written in English apart from the
Chinese versions, but also helpful to the students who are going to pursue their
scientific career in the future. We have firm belief in this from many years’ experience
of ours in teaching bilanguange class.
There are four parts in this program, and totally 16 chapters: the structures and
functions of biomacromolecules (Part I); the metabolism of substrates and their
regulations (Part II); expression and transmission of gene information (Part III);
comprehensive topics (Part IV). It needs 120 teaching hours, including 92 for theory
and 28 for experiment.
【Know】 Introduction
Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Proteins
[Contents]
1 .Amino acid composition and linkage in proteins
(1) Amino acid composition of proteins
(2)The linkage between amino acids in protein molecules
(3)Biologically active peptides
2. Molecular structure of proteins
(1)The primary structure of proteins
(2)Three-dimensional structure of proteins
(3) The molecular structure of collagen
3. Structure-Function Relationships of Protein
Relationships of primary structure and function
Structure-function relationships of myoglobin and hemoglobin
(3) Prion protein and protein conformational disease
4. Protein Physicochemical Properties and Principles of Purification
(1) Protein physicochemical properties
(2) Protein purification
5. Proteome and proteomics
(1) Proteome
(2) Proteomics
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. Molecular composition of proteins.
2. Primary structure of proteins, secondary structure of proteins, tertiary structure of
proteins, quaternary structure of proteins.
3. Relationship between the primary structure and function.
4. Physical and chemical character of proteins and amino acids.
【Understand】
1. Classification of Proteins.
2. Relationship between the Dimensional Structure and Function.
3. Separation and purification of Proteins.
【Know】
1. Amino Acid Sequence Analysis of A Polypeptide Chain.
2. Spatial Structure Determination.
Chapter 2 Structures and Functions of Nucleic Acids
[Contents]
1. The Monomeric Units of Nucleic Acids----Nucleotides
(1)Structure of nucleotides
(2)Properties of nucleosides and nucleotides
2. Structure of DNA
(1) Primary structure of DNA
(2)Secondary structure of DNA
(3)Superhelix of DNA
3 .Structure and function of RNA
(1) Structure of RNA
(2) Types and functions of RNAs
4. Properties of nucleic Acids
(1) Denaturation and renaturation of nucleic acids
(2) Hybridization
5. Catalytic RNA and DNA
(1) Ribozymes
(2)Deoxyribozymes
6. Genomics and the Human Genome Project
(1) Characteristics of eukaryotic genome DNA
(2) The human genome project
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. The structure and composition of nucleic acids.
2. The Secondary structure of DNA and types of RNA, the structure and function of
each kind of RNA
3. The concept of denaturation and renaturation of nucleic acids ,the concept of Tm
【Understand】
1. Chemical properties of nucleic acids.
2. Superhelix of DNA, function of DNA
3. The concept of hybridization.
【Know】
The concept and function of small non-messenger RNA
Chapter 3 Enzymes
[Contents]
1.Structure and Function of Enzymes
(1) Structure of enzymes
(2) Active site of an enzyme
(3) Structure and function of enzymes
2.Nomenclature and Classification Enzyme Oxidoreductases; Transferases;
Hydrolases;Lyases; Isomerases; Ligases
3. Properties and Catalysis Mechanisms of Enzymes
(1) Properties of enzyme catalyzed reaction
(2)Catalytic mechanisms of enzymes
4. Kinetics of Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions
(1)The effect of substrate on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
(2) The effect of enzyme on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
(3) The effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
(4) The effect of pH on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
(5) The effect of inhibitors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
(6) Activators of enzyme
5. Regulation of enzyme activity:
Allosteric regulation;Covalent modification; Zymogen; Isoenzymes; Genetic control
6. Clinical applications of enzymes
(1)Enzymes and pathogenesis
(2) Enzymes and diagnosis of the disease
(3) Enzymes and therapy of the disease
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. Character of enzymatically catalyzed reaction.
2. Species of coenzymes and prosthetic groups.
3. The factors that enzyme rate depend on.
4. The Michaelis-menten model and types of inhibitor.
5. The regulation methods of enzyme activity.
6. The definition of isoenzyme & zymogen,allosteric enzyme.
【Understand】
1. The mechanism of enzymatically catalyzed reaction.
2. The affection of PH & T,activator
【Know】
Clinical applications of enzymes.
Chapter 4 Carbohydrate Metabolism
[Contents]
1. Introduction: Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates; The Fate of Absorbed
Glucose
2. Anaerobic Degradation of Glucose
(1) Basic process of glycolysis
(2) Regulation of glycolysis
(3) The significance of glycolysis
3. Aerobic oxidation of glucose
(1) Basic process of aerobic oxidation of glucose
(2) ATP generated in the aerobic oxidation of glucose.
(3) The regulation of aerobic oxidation of glucose
4. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
(1) Basic process
(2) The significance of pentose phosphate pathway
5. Glycogen formation and degradation
(1) Glycogen formation (Glycogenesis)
(2) Glycogen degradation (Glycogenolysis)
(3) The Regulation of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
(4)The Significance of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
(5)Glycogen storage diseases
6. Gluconeogenesis
(1) The basic process of gluconeogenesis
(2) Cori cycle
(3)Regulation of gluconeogenesis
(4) The Significance of gluconeogenesis
7. Blood Sugar and Its Regulation
(1) Blood sugar level
(2) Regulation of blood glucose concentration
(3)Abnormal blood sugar level
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. Concept of glycolysis. Process, rate-limiting enzyme,ATP generation, site of action
and physiological significance of glycolytic pathway.
2. Concept of aerobic oxidation of glucose. Process, rate-limiting enzyme,ATP
generation, site of action and physiological significance of oxidative decarboxylation
of pyruvate and krebs cycyle.
3. Physiological significance of PPP. Function of NADPH.
4. Rate-limiting enzyme and its catalytic reaction of synthesis and breakdown of
hepatic glycogen.
5. Concept, rate-limiting enzyme and its catalytic reaction and physiological
significance of glyconeogenesis.
6. Source and outlet blood sugar. Regulation of hormone to blood sugar.
【Understand】
1. Regulation to glycolysis.
2. Regulation to aerobic oxidation of glucose.
3. Concept of Pasteur's effect.
4. Key reactions and their regulation of PPP.
5. Regulation to synthesis and breakdown of hepatic glycogen.
6. Regulation to glyconeogenesis.
7. Cori cycle and its physiological significance.
【Know】
1. Important function of glucose. Digestion and absorption of glucose. Overview
of glycometabolism.
2. Regulation to synthesis and breakdown of muscle glycogen. Pompe's syndrome.
3. Disorder of glycometabolism such as hyperglycaemia and glycopenia.
Chapter 5 Metabolism of Lipids
[Contents]
1. Lipids: Digestion and Absorption:Digestion of Dietary Lipids; Absorption
2 Metabolism of Triacylglycerols
(1)Degradation of triacylglycerols
(2) FAs biosynthesis
(3)Regulation of triacylglycerol metabolism
3. Important Derivatives of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Arachidonic Acid
(1) Common dtructural feature
(2) Biosynthesis of unsaturated FAs
(3) Physiological function
4. Metabolism of Phospholipids
(1) Glycerolphospholipid metabolism
(2)Sphingolipid metabolism
5. Metabolism of cholestrols
(1) Cholestrol biosynthesis
(2) Cholesterol transformation and excretion
(3) Regulation of cholestrol biosynthesis
6. Plasma Lipids, Metabolism of Plasma Lipoproteins
(1) Plasma lipids
(2) Plasma lipoprotein classification, constitutions and structures
(3)Lipoprotein metabolism
(4)Abnormal metabolism of plasma lipoprotein
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. The definition and rate-limiting enzyme of fatty mobilization.
2. The definition of fatty acid β—oxidation. The activation of fatty acid, how fatty
acyl-CoA comes into mitochondrion. The procedure of β—oxidation of fatty
acid: dehydrogenation, hydration, redehydrogenation and thiolysis. The calculation of
energy in fatty acid oxidation.
3.The concept, formation and utilization of ketone body. Physiological significance of
ketone body formation.
4.The classification of phospholipid. Composition, classification and structure of
glycerol phospholipid.
5.Cholesterol synthesis: position, synthesis material and rate-limiting enzyme.
The transformation products of cholesterol.
6. The concept of blood lipid. The types of electrophoresis and
ultraspeed-centrifugation
of classifying lipoprotein in blood plasma. Main composition and function of
lipoprotein.
【Understand】
1. Aanabolism of triacylglycerol: location, synthesis material and process.
2. Regulation of ketone body formation.
3. Synthesis of fatty acid: position, synthesis material and rate-limiting enzyme. The
feature
of fatty acid synthetase. The regulation of hormone to fatty acid synthesis.
4. Synthesis path of glycerol phospholipid: synthesis pathways of biacylglycerol and
CTP-biacylglycerol. Degradation of glycerol phospholipid. The function of
phospholipase
to the degradation of glycerol phospholipid and its products.
5. Main procedure and regulation in cholesterol synthesis.
6.Structure of lipoprotein in blood serum. Function of apolipoprotein, and activation
of
some apolipoproteins to activity of lipase.
7. Metabolism of plasma lipoprotein. Abnormal metabolism of plasma
lipoprotein: hyperlipemia.
【Know】
1. The concept, classification and physiological function of lipids. Nomenclature,
resource
and classification of fatty acids.
2. Digestion and absorption lipids.
3. Other oxidations of fatty acids.
4. The lengthening of fatty acids carbon chains and synthesis process of unsaturated
fatty acids.
Chapter 6 Biological Oxidation
[Contents]
1. Principals of Reduction/Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
2. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(1) Complexes of the electron transport chain
(2) Oxidative phosphorylation
(3)ATP and other energy-rich compounds
3. Energy from Cytosolic NADH
4. Other Biological Oxidations
(1) Monooxygenases
(2) Free radical scavenging enzymes
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. The concept and physiological significance of biological oxidation
2. The concept of respiratory chain. Two respiratory chains of
mitochondrion: constituents and arranging order of NADH oxidation respiratory
chain and succinic acid respiratory chain.
3. The concept and coupling site of oxidative phosphorylation.
【Understand】
1. Influence factor of oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Types of high-energy phosphate compound. Utilization of ATP.
3. Two transport mechanisms of NADH oxidation in cytosol: α—glycerol
phosphate shuttle and malate-aspartate shuttle.
【Know】
1. Chemosmosis hypothesis.
2. The structure of ATP synthase and synthesis mechanism of ATP.
3. Other oxidation systems in organism: aerobic dehydrogenase and aerobic oxidase,
oxidases in peroxisome, superoxide dismutase and oxidase in mitochondrion —
monooxygenase and dioxygenase.
Chapter 7 Metabolism of Amino Acids
[Contents]
1. Nutritional Function of Proteins:Nutritional Requirement of Protein;Nutritional
Quality of Proteins
2. Digestion, Absorption and Putrefaction
(1) Digestion of fietary protein
(2) Absorption and transportation of amino acids
(3) Putrefaction
3. Degradation of Protein in Cells
(1) Lysosomal pathway
(2) Cytosol pathway
4. Amino Acid Catabolism: General
(1) Deamination of amino acids
(2) Metabolism of ammonia
(3) Metabolism of the carbon skeleton of amino acids
5. Amino Acids Catabolism: Individual
(1) Decarboxylation of amino acids
(2) Metabolism of one carbon units
(3) Metabolism of methionine, cysteine and cystine
(4) Metabolism of aromatic amino acids
(5) Degradation of branched-chain amino acids
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. Concept of nitrogen balance and essential amino acids.
2. Four types of deamination of amino acids: transamination, oxidative deamination,
union deamination, non-oxidative deamination.
3. Sources and fates of amino acids.
4. Site of urea synthesis and significance of urea cycle.
5. Concept of one carbon unit.
【Understand】
1. The process of urea cycle.
2. Metabolism of one carbon unit. Formation of one carbon unit.
3. Progress of Nucleotide Excision Repair and Reverse Transcription.
【Know】
1. Metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids.
2. Metabolism of aromatic amino acids.
Chapter 8 Metabolism of Nucleotides
[Contents]
1. Functions of Nucleotides
2. Nucleotide Synthesis and Degradation
(1) Metabolism of purine nucleotides
(2) Metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides
(3) Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis
(4) Biosynthesis of nucleoside diphosphate and nucleoside triphosphate
3. Dysmetabolism of Nucleotides and Antimetabolites
(1) Dysmetabolism of nucleotides
(2) Antimetabolites
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. De novo synthesis and salvage pathways. The material, site and the main process
of this two pathways.
2. Anti-metabolites of purine nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotides and
mechanism of their antitumor.
3. The similarity and difference of purine catabolism and pyrimidine catabolism.
【Understand】
The excreted end product of purine catabolism and pyrimidine catabolism in
primates, birds, and some other animals.
【Know】
Hyperuricemia and gout with Disorders of Purine Metabolism.
Chapter 10 DNA Biosynthesis
[Contents]
1. Overlook of DNA Replication
(1) DNA semiconservative replication
(2) The General character of DNA replication
2. DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells
(1) Eukaryotic enzymes of DNA replication
(2)Process of DNA replication in the eukaryotes
(3)Telomere DNA replication
(4)Mitochondrial DNA replication
(5)Reverse transcription
3. Prokaryotic DNA Replication
(1)Prokaryotic enzymes and proteins involved in the DNA replication
(2)Process of proeukaryotic replication
4. Recombination and Repair
(1) Recombination of DNA
(2) Gene mutation
(3) DNA damage
(4) Repair of DNA Damage
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. DNA semi-conservative replication.
2. The high fidelity of replication.
3. Process of DNA Replication.
4. Significance and type of gene mutation.
【Understand】
1. Function of DNA polymerases, Primase, Topoisomerases and DNA Ligase.
2. Formation of origin recognition and Okazaki Fragments.
3. Progress of Nucleotide Excision Repair and Reverse Transcription.
【Know】
1. The experimental evidences of DNA semi-conconservative replication.
2. Feature of Prokaryotic DNA Replication.
3. Repair of DNA damage
Chapter 11 RNA Biosynthesis
[Contents]
1. Introduction
2 .RNA Synthesis in Prokaryotes
(1) RNA polymerase
(2) Initiation of RNA synthesis
(3) Elongation of RNA synthesis
(4) Termination of RNAsynthesis
(5) Posttranscriptional modification
3. RNA Synthesis in Eukaryotes
(1)Three types of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic transcription
(2) Initiation of RNA synthesis in eukaryotic transcription
(3) Elongation and termination of transcription in eukaryotic transcription
(4)Posttranscriptional modification in eukaryotic transcription
(5) RNA degradation
4. Reverse Transcription and RNA Replication
(1) Reverse transcription
(2) RNA replication
(3)RNA based evolution
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. Asymmetric transcription, template strand and coding strand.
2. RNA Polymerase of Prolaryote and its subunites
3. P rocess of RNA Synthesis.
4. Post transcriptional Modification of mRNA in Eukaryotes.
【Understand】
1. Post transcriptional Modification of tRNA and rRNA
2.Difference of synthesis of RNA between prokaryote and eukaryote.
3.Progress of Nucleotide Excision Repair and Reverse Transcription.
【Know】
RNA Polymerase of Eukaryotes.
Chapter 12 Proteins Biosynthesis
[Contents]
1. Components of Protein Biosynthesis
(1) Messenger RNA
(2) Amino acids and tRNAs
(3) rRNAs and ribosomes
(4) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
2. Steps of Protein Biosynthesis
(1) Initiation of protein biosynthesis
(2) Elongation of polypeptide chain
(3) Termination of protein biosynthesis
(4) Energy cost for protein biosynthesis
3. Posttranslational Processing
(1) Posttranslational Modification
(2) Folding of newly synthesized polypeptides
(3) Protein targeting
4. Clinical correlation of protein biosynthesis
(1) Molecular diseases
(2) Effect of antibiotics on protein biosynthesis
(3) Effect of some biologically active molecules on protein biosynthesis
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. Conceptions of cistron, genetic coden, open eading frame, wobble signal peptide.
2. Components of Protein Biosynthesis.
3. Clinical Correlation of Protein Biosynthesis.
【Understand】
1. Steps of Protein Biosynthesis.
【Know】
Posttranslational Processing.
Chapter 13 Regulation of Gene Expression
[Contents]
1. Basic Principles of Gene Control
(1) The concept of gene expression
(2) Temporal specificity and spatial specificity of gene expression
(3) The constitutive expression and the inducible expression
(4) Gene expression can be regulated at many of the steps.
(5) Basic elements in the transcription activation
2 .Regulation of Gene Transcription in prokaryotes
(1) Regulation of transcription initiation in prokaryotes
(2) Regulation of the lactose system (The Jacob-Monod Model)
(3) Regulation of tryptophan production
3. Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
(1) Characteristics of gene regulation in eukaryotes
(2) Transcription activation in eukaryotes
[Requirement]
【Master】
1. Conception of gene control.
2. Regulation of gene transcription in prokaryotes
【Understand】
1. Basic elements in the transcription activation.
2. Regulation of gene transcription in eukaryotes.
【Know】
Basic principles of gene control.
Chapter 14 Gene Recombination and Gene Project
[Contents]
1. Genetic Engineering
(1) Common tools used in genetic engineering
(2) Processes of genetic engineering
2. Molecular Hybridization
(1) Nucleic acid probes
(2) Types of molecular hybridization
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction
(1) Principles of polymerase chain reaction
(2) Procedures of polymerase chain reaction
(3)Applications of polymerase chain reaction
4. DNA Sequencing
(1)Chemical cleavage sequencing
(2) Dideoxy chain terminator sequencing
5.Transgenesis, Animal Cloning and Gene Knockout Technologies
(1)Transgenesis
(2)Animal cloning technology
(3)Gene knockout technology
(4)Biomedical applications
6. Gene Diagnosis
(1)Common technologies used in gene diagnosis
(2) Applications of gene diagnosis
7. Gene Therapy
(1) Conceptions of gene therapy
(2) The procedures of gene therapy
(3) Applications of gene therapy
[Requirement]
【Master】
Conceptions of genetic engineering, gene diagnosis, and gene therapy.
【Understand】
Common tools used in genetic engineering, polymerase chain reaction.
【Know】
DNA Sequencing.
Chapter 15 Cellular Signal Transduction
[Contents]
1. Main Concept of Signaling Transduction
(1)Signal molecules and forms of communication between the cells
(2)Components of intracellular signaling pathways
2 .Receptors
(1) G protein-coupled receptors
(2) Enzyme-linked receptors
(3) Ion channel receptors
(4) Intracellular receptor superfamily
3. Signal Transduction Pathways
(1)Cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A and cyclic GMP (cGMP)/protein kinase G
pathways
(2)Phospholipids signaling pathway
(3) Growth factor and cytokine signal transduction
(4)Intra-cellular receptors involved signal transduction
[Requirement]
【Master】
1.Extracellular molecules&Intracellular molecules&second messenger.
2. Conception of receptors and ligand.
3. Properties of binding of H and R.
4. cAMP dependent-protein kinase A pathway.
5. Tyrosine-protein kinase pathway (TPK).
【Understand】
1. cGMP-dependent PKG pathway.
2. Nuclear factor-κB pathway
3. TGF-βpathway
【Know】
1. The Cross-talks of Signaling Transduction Pathways.
2. Signal Transduction and Diseases.
Chapter 18 Liver Biochemistry
[Contents]
1 .The Important Role of Liver in Material Metabolism
(1) In carbohydrate metabolism
(2) In lipid metabolism
(3) In romoval of drugs and hormones
2. Hepatic Biotransformation:
(1) Phase Ⅰreactions
(2) Phase Ⅱreactions
(3) The significance of biotransformation
3. The Metabolism of the Bile and the Bile Acid:
(1)Composition of bile
(2) Bile acids
(3) The enterohepatic circulation
(4)Function of bile
4. Bile Pigment Metabolism and Jaundice
(1) Formation and transport of bile pigments
(2) Bile pigments conversion in liver
(3)Metabolism of bilirubin In the intestine and enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle
(4) Serum bilirubin and jaundice
[Requirement]
【Master】
Conception of biotransformation, primary bile acid, and secondary bile acid.
【Understand】
Hepatic biotransformation and bile pigment Metabolism and Jaundice.
【Know】
The metabolism of the bile and the bile acid.