LEARNING OBJECTIVES - EXAM 2
CHEMISTRY (CHAPTER 2)
1 - Define and recognize examples of the following terms:
atom
neutron
atomic number
compound
element
proton
atomic weight
organic compound
molecule
electron
nucleus
inorganic compound
2 - Be familiar with the following chemical symbols: H, C, N, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe.
3 - Describe and distinguish between the following types of chemical bonds: ionic,
covalent, hydrogen.
4 - Discuss the properties of water.
5 - Be familiar with the chemical structure and general function of each of the following
types of organic compounds:
carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
nucleic acids: DNA, RNA, ATP
proteins: amino acids, enzymes
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METABOLISM (CHAPTER 3)
1 – Know the forms of energy and how they relate to each other (the laws of
thermodynamics).
light
heat
work
stored energy
2 - Be familiar with the role enzymes play in metabolism.
3 - Be familiar with the role ATP plays in metabolism.
4 - Be familiar with the overall reaction for respiration.
5 - Distinguish between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of
products, reactants, and relative energy yields.
glucose
lactic acid
6 - Be familiar with the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration.
7 - Be familiar with how other energy sources enter the respiration pathways.
CELLS (CHAPTER 3)
1 - Describe the plasma membrane.
2 - Define and distinguish between diffusion, osmosis, active transport.
3 - Identify each of the following organelles and describe their structure and function:
nucleus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
cilia
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chromosome
ribosome
cytoskeleton
microtubule
flagella
mitochondrion
centriole
golgi body
microfilament
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CELL DIVISION (CHAPTER 18,19,20)
1 - Distinguish sexual from asexual reproduction.
2 - Identify the role of mitosis in asexual reproduction and growth.
3 - Describe the outcome of mitosis by comparing daughter cells to parent cells in
relation to: number of chromosomes, structure of chromosomes, genetic
makeup.
4 - Describe the role of meiosis in terms of chromosome distribution and sexual
reproduction.
5 - Describe where homologous chromosomes come from. (maternal and paternal).
6 - Be familiar with the similarities between mitosis and meiosis.
7 - Be familiar with the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
8 - Be familiar with the following vocabulary.
chromosome
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haploid
gamete
zygote
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GENETICS (CHAPTER 19-22)
1 - Diagram and recognize the general molecular skeleton of a nucleotide.
adenine
cytosine
thymine
guanine
2 - Describe the structure of DNA.
double helix
3 - Describe the process of DNA replication including strand separation and the
alignment of new base pairs.
complementary strand DNA polymerase
template
4 - Explain the term "semiconservative replication".
5 - Be able to predict the nucleotide sequence in a strand of DNA when given the
nucleotide sequence of the template strand.
6 – Describe how a ‘genome’ is organized.
genome
gene
allele
7 - Describe the process of transcription, including the location in the cell where it
occurs, the roles of DNA, RNA and RNA polymerase, the types of RNA produced,
and the importance of complementary base pairing.
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
8 – Generally describe the process of translation, and demonstrate a working
knowledge of the "universal code" by using a codon map to predict a polypeptide
sequence from an mRNA sequence.
9 - Identify the value of precise transmission of genetic information in somatic and germ
cells, and recognize the consequences of DNA recombination and mutation for
the individual, his/her offspring, and the population in general.
gene expression
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