Industry_Factsheet_IS - Eionet Forum

Iceland| country fact sheet

Industrial pollution fact sheet 2015

Iceland

Iceland | country fact sheet

Cover design: EEA

Cover photo: Jorge Franganillo, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic ( https://goo.gl/rqHYk6 )

Layout: EEA

Acknowledgments

This country fact sheet was prepared by the European Environment Agency in cooperation with the European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change

Mitigation.

Content

Introduction

………………………….……………………………………………………….………...

Significance of industry

………………………………………………….…………………………

Significance of industry in terms of gross value added

3

4

Significance of industry in terms of energy consumption

Significance of industry in terms of water consumption

Industrial emissions to air

……………………………………………………………………....

Significance of industry in terms of emissions to air

Emission trend for key air pollutants and decoupling

Industrial emissions to water

…………………………………………………………………...

Significance of industry in terms of emissions to air

Emission trend for key air pollutants and decoupling

Industrial waste generation

……………………………………………………………………..

Significance of industry in terms of generation of waste

Waste generation trend and decoupling

References

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

7

9

11

14

Industrial pollution country fact sheets 2015 2


Introduction

Industry across the data sources

While industry makes a significant contribution to the economic welfare and development of a country, pollution from industrial activities can also negatively impact people and the environment. These impacts (such as premature deaths, and damage to ecosystems) occur as a result of releases to air and water, through the disposal of waste, and through the demand for resources and energy. Industrial sources still contribute a substantial share of total pollution in

Europe. Pollution from industry is subject to national, European, and international regulations and standards to limit releases, waste and resource use.

Data sources

These factsheets present a set of graphs and tables that show the significance of industrial pollution using data taken from several sources:

 Eurostat’s statistics on environment (ESTAT, 2015a) and energy (ESTAT, 2015b) and economy and finance statistics (ESTAT, 2015c)

 The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) (EEA, 2015a)

 The European Environment Agency’s compilation of the national greenhouse gas inventories to be reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (EEA, 2015b)

 The European Environment Agency’s compilation of data on emissions of air pollutants to be submitted to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (EEA, 2015c)

This country fact sheet includes data available as of 31 December 2015.

Definition of industry

Due to the diverging legal definitions of industry in the different datasets, certain assumptions have been made to enable the presentation of industry in a consistent way (see the methodology document for more details).

What is industry?

Industry is the production of goods or services within an economy. The different data sources used in these fact sheets interpret this definition in slightly different ways. These fact sheets have attempted to cover comparable activities across the different databases that were used. In summary, the activities selected across the datasets are: energy industry, metal production, cement and lime production, mining and quarrying, chemical industry, manufacturing, waste industry (including water and sewage management), and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning.

The energy used for transport in the above industrial activities (except pipelines for the transmission of energy), and agricultural activities, are not included.

Methodology

The detailed methodology for the development of this country fact sheet is available at the Eionet forum 1 .

Country coverage

These country factsheets cover all European Environment Agency (EEA) member countries. The current EEA membership, comprising 33 countries and referred to as EEA33, include the 28

European Union Member States together with Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and

Turkey.

Therefore, the graphs and tables presented in this document offer data of Iceland and the rest of the EEA member countries. However, in some cases data were not available for one or more countries. Below each table and figure, the source and the countries for which data were missing are included.

1 http://forum.eionet.europa.eu/nrc-industrial-pollution/library/consultations



Significance of industry

S IGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRY WITHIN THE ECONOMY IN TERMS OF GROSS VALUE ADDED

This section shows the significance of industry in the context of the economy. The parameter used is gross value added (GVA), which captures the value in terms of goods and services provided by an economic activity.

Figure 1. GVA of industry as % of EEA33 economy, and within Iceland, 2013

Source: ESTATc, 2015. Data gap-filled according to methodology

Figure 2. Evolution of GVA of industry in Iceland, €billion, 2000-2013

Source: ESTATc, 2015. Data gap-filled according to methodology

GVA (B€) 2006 2007 2008

Manufacturing

Electricity, gas (…)

Mining & qarrying

Waste management

Total industry

-

-

-

-

3.7

-

-

-

-

3.9

-

-

-

-

3.1

2009

-

-

-

-

2.1

2010

-

-

-

-

2.4

2011

-

-

-

-

2.5

S IGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRY IN TERMS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

2012

-

-

-

-

2.7

2013

-

-

-

-

2.7



This section shows the significance of industry as an energy consumer. The parameter used is final energy consumption, which accounts for the energy supplied to the consumer (i.e. industry) for all energy used involved to run the processes in the industrial activities considered in this fact sheet.

Figure 3. Energy consumption of industry as % of EEA33 energy consumption, and within Iceland, 2013

Source: ESTAT, 2015b. No data for LI. Data gap-filled according to methodology

Figure 4. Evolution of energy consumption of industry, broken down by sectors, within Iceland, Petajoules

(PJ), 1990-2013

Source: ESTAT, 2015b. Data gap-filled according to methodology

Energy consumption

(PJ)

2006 2007 2008 2009

Chemical industry

Manufacturing

Metal industry

Mining & quarrying

Other industry

Total industry

-

-

-

-

-

35.2

-

-

-

-

-

40.4

-

-

-

-

-

54.7

-

-

55.0

-

-

-

2010

-

-

54.7

-

-

-

2011

S IGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRY IN TERMS OF WATER USAGE

-

-

55.7

-

-

-

2012

-

-

57.1

-

-

-

2013

-

-

61.6

-

-

-



This section shows the significance of industry as a water consumer. The parameter used is water usage, which accounts for the water supplied to the consumer (i.e. industry) for all water uses needed to run the processes in the industrial activities considered in this fact sheet.

Figure 5. Water usage by industry as % of EEA33 water usage, and within Iceland, 2013

Source: ESTAT, 2015a. No data for LI. Data gap-filled according to methodology

Figure 6. Evolution of industrial water usage within Iceland, million cubic meters (Mm 3 ), 1990-2013

Source: ESTATa, 2015. No data for LI. Data gap-filled according to methodology

Water consumption

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

(Mm 3 )

Manufacturing 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.3



Total industry

-

-

5.7

-

-

5.9

-

-

6.0

-

-

6.2

-

-

6.3

2011

6.5

-

-

6.5

2012

6.6

-

-

6.6

2013

6.6

-

-

6.6



Industrial emissions to air

S IGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRY IN TERMS OF EMISSIONS TO AIR

Air pollution harms human health and the environment. In Europe, emissions of many air pollutants have decreased substantially in recent decades, resulting in improved air quality across the region. However, air pollutant concentrations are still high, and air quality problems persist. The selected pollutants for which data are provided in this section are those that cause significant pressure on the environment and human health. Nitrogen oxides

(NO x

), sulphur oxides (SO x

) and ammonia (NH

3

) cause acidification and eutrophication. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and particulate matter (PM

10

) play a key role in air quality, especially in the so-called smog. Finally, the release of heavy metals lead to their accumulation in the food chain, an issue of concern given their toxicity. The heavy metals considered are arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg).

Figure 7. Industrial air emissions as % of total country pollution, by sector origins, 2013 – Iceland

For each pollutant, the coloured sections of the bars represent the contribution of the different industrial sectors.

The grey areas refer to the contribution of the rest of the human activities (other than industry). The quantities, expressed in percentages, refer to the country’s total air emissions of each pollutant. The smaller the grey area the bigger the significance of industrial releases for the concerned pollutant. In the CLRTAP, NO x

is reported as nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO

2

), and SO x as sulphur dioxide (SO

2 hydrogem sulphide, mercaptans and dimethul sulphides, etc.)

covers all sulphur compounds expressed

) (including sulphur trioxide, sulphuric acid, and reduced sulphur compounds, such as

Source: EEA, 2015c

Emissions (tonnes)

Cement production and

Chemical industry

Energy industry

Food & drink industry lime

Iron & steel manufacturing


Non-ferrous production

Other manufacturing metal

Pulp, paper, & wood (…)

Waste industry

As

-

Cr Hg

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

-

-

-

-

-

- -

- -

-

NH

3

-

-

-

NMVOC

-

NO x

(as

NO

2

)

-

Pb

-

PM

10

-

SO x

(as

SO

2

)

0.70

3.96

15.85

- 470.63

-

-

0.27

-

- 110.79

- -

- -

- 343.89

- -

- - 19.97 193.24

-

120.94

-

2.13

-

2 192.65

70.74

-

19.97

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

365.70

-

0.99

- 52 534.59

- 425.50 15 621.64

- 11.77 2 001.35

- - -

18.86



Non industry - - - 4

039.06

3

817.52

16 051.02 - 115.26 2 013.84

E MISSIONS TRENDS FOR KEY AIR POLLUTANTS

Emissions and economic growth trends are often coupled. EU policy aims, among other objectives, at decoupling economic growth from emissions, and driving down emission trends, whilst allowing economies to continue to grow. Decoupling of industrial emissions from industry GVA growth can be absolute (emissions decrease where

GVA increases) or relative (emissions increase at a slower rate than GVA). Selected pollutants emissions, indexed to 2007, are presented together with GVA (also indexed to 2007) to show the coupling or decoupling of pollutant releases with economic growth.

Figure 8. Industrial air pollution versus the economy (non heavy metals), Iceland, 2007-2013

Source: EEA, 2015a


NH

3

NMVOC

NO x

/NO

2

2007

13

-

885

2008

12

-

-

2009

-

-

-

2010

13

-

-

2011

18

-

-

2012

11

-

-

PM

10

SO x

/SO

2

839

7 545

853

11 870

497

12 280

458

12 750

92 79

42 380 13 050

Figure 9. Industrial air pollution versus the economy (heavy metals), Iceland, 2007-2013


2013

48

-

-

307

14 310

Emissions (kg)

As

Cr

Hg

Pb

2007

-

-

-

-

2008

-

-

-

-

2009

-

-

-

-

2010

-

-

-

-

2011

-

-

-

-

2012

-

-

-

-

2013

-

-

-

-



Industrial emissions to water

S IGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRY IN TERMS OF EMISSIONS TO WATER

Industrial activities are an important source of water pollution. Industry realeases pollutants that can be harmful to people and the environment. In this section, data are provided for the heavy metals arsenic (As), cadmium

(Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn); the nutrients nitrogen (Tot-N) and phosphorus (Tot-P); and the total organic carbon content (TOC).

For each pollutant, the coloured sections of the bars represent the contribution of the different industrial sectors.

The sector’s contributions, expressed in percentages, refer to the country’s total industrial water emissions of each pollutant as reported to the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR).

For water releases, there are no complete inventories of emissions covering all human activities. That is why the data source for this medium is the E-PRTR. This dataset only covers releases above a certain threshold for selected industrial activities. Therefore, this graph captures a subset of the industrial reality. In the E-PRTR heavy metals include compounds.

Figure 10. Industrial water emissions as % of total country E-PRTR pollution, by sector origins, 2013 – Iceland



Electricity, gas, steam

(…)

Manufacturing


Waste management (…)

As

-

-

-

-

Cd

-

-

-

-

Cr

-

Cu

-

- 0.05

- -

- -

Hg

-

-

-

-

Ni

-

-

-

-

Pb

-

TOC

-

Tot-N Tot-P Zn

- - -

- 280.00 163.00 24.55

- - - -

- - - -

-

-

-



E MISSIONS TRENDS FOR KEY WATER POLLUTANTS

This section presents indexed data on emissions (annual loads) and growth (GVA) to show the possible decoupling of economy and environment pressures. An explanation of this concept is in the same section for air pollutants (page 8).

Figure 11. Industrial water pollution versus the economy, Iceland, 2007-2013


Note: As heavy metals in water represent a comparable pressure to the environment, they can be aggregated by their relative toxicity. The methodology document includes details on this aggregation. The heavy metal releases are weighted by factors corresponding to the reciprocal

Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC) values (1/PNEC) (OSPAR, 2014) for each pollutant and set equivalent to one of the metals - here

Mercury has been chosen.

2013 Emissions (tonnes)

Heavy Metals (Hg specific)

Total Organic Carbon

(TOC)

Tot-N

Tot-P

2007

60

55

-

2008

58

285

-

2009 2010 2011

See individual pollutants in table below.

56

286

-

104

218

32

199

155

12

2012

Figure 12. Industrial water pollution versus the economy (Heavy Metals), Iceland, 2007-2013

371

246

19

280

163

25


Emissions (kg)

As

Cd

Cr

Cu

Hg

Ni

Pb

Zn

2007

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2008

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2009

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2010

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2011

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2012

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2013

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-



Waste generation

S IGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRY IN TERMS OF GENERATION OF WASTE

The waste produced by industrial activities consists of sources such as chemical solvents, paints, paper products, industrial by-products, and metals. In the following analysis, data concerning industrial waste are grouped into three types: hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste, and waste from mining and quarrying.

Hazardous waste can pose a risk to health or the environment if not managed and disposed correctly. The properties of waste which render it hazardous are defined in Annex III to the Waste Directive (EC, 2008), and include being explosive, flammable, toxic, and carcinogenic. Waste from mining and quarrying is presented in its own group, due to the different nature and large volumes of this type of waste. Mining and quarrying waste is waste resulting from the prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources and the working of quarries. This category of waste is also addressed by a separate Directive on the management of waste (EC,

2006).

The following figures on waste generation, show 1) waste intensity (waste (tonnes)/GVA (€millions)), 2) the share of waste generation by the different activities out of the EEA33 total waste generation and 3) the share of country waste generation totals.

Waste intensity quantifies the relationship between the waste generation and economic output. The larger the number, the more waste-generating that country is compared to the GVA the sector produces.

Figure 13. Industrial non hazardous waste generation as % of total EEA waste, with waste intensity, 2012

Source: ESTAT, 2015a. No data for CH.



Figure 14. Industrial hazardous waste generation as % of total EEA waste, with waste intensity, 2012


Figure 15. Mining and quarrying waste generation as % of total EEA waste, with waste intensity, 2012




W ASTE GENERATION TREND

This section presents indexed data on waste generation broken down by sectors and growth (GVA) to show the possible coupling or decoupling of the economy and environmental pressures. An explanation of the concept is available in the same section for air pollutants (page 8 of this factsheet). In this case, the data was indexed to

2004 levels.

Figure 16. Decoupling of industrial non-hazardous waste, 2004-2012

Source: ESTAT, 2015a.

Waste (tonnes)


2004

-

2006

-

2008

-

2010

1 624

Manufacturing



61 000

1 000

1 000

-

-

-

-

-

-

Figure 17. Decoupling of industrial hazardous waste, 2004-2012 (latest years available)

87 463

65

9 207

2012

1 662

90 501

55

4 977

Source: ESTAT, 2015a.

Waste (tonnes)


Manufacturing



2004

-

12

100

-

2006

-

-

-

-

2008

-

-

-

-

2010

1

736

-

2 913

2012

13

2 596

-

2 925



References

EC 2006. Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March

2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries and amending Directive

2004/35/EC ( http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0021 ) accessed 24 November 2015

EC 2008. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November

2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. ( http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:312:0003:0030:en:PDF ) accessed 24

November 2015

EEA 2015a. European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) v7.0 Dataset.

( http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/member-states-reporting-art-7-under-theeuropean-pollutant-release-and-transfer-register-e-prtr-regulation-10 ) accessed 24 November

2015

EEA 2015b. European Environment Agency’s compilation of the national greenhouse gas inventories to be reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) Dataset. ( http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissionsreported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism-9 ) accessed 24

November 2015

EEA 2015c. European Environment Agency’s compilation of data on emissions of air pollutants to be submitted to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

(CLRTAP) Dataset. ( http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissionsreported-to-the-convention-on-long-range-transboundary-air-pollution-lrtap-convention-9 ) accessed 24 November 2015

ESTAT 2015a. Eurostat’s statistics on environment

( http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database tables env_wat_cat env_wat_ind and env_wat_abs and env_wasgt) accessed 24 November 2015

ESTAT 2015b. Eurostat’s statistics on energy ( http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database table nrg_110a) accessed 24 November 2015

ESTAT 2015c. Eurostat’s statistics on economy and finance statistics

( http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database table nama_nace64_k) accessed 24 November

2015

OSPAR 2014. Establishment of a list of Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for

naturally occurring substances in produced water (OSPAR Agreement 2014-05)

( https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/361476/OSP

AR_RBA_Predicted_No_Effect_Concentrations__PNECs__Background_Document.pdf

) accessed

24 November 2015


Industry_Factsheet_IS - Eionet Forum

Industrial pollution fact sheet 2015

Iceland

Acknowledgments

Content

Introduction

Significance of industry

Industrial emissions to air

Industrial emissions to water

Waste generation

References

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Support

Industry_Factsheet_IS - Eionet Forum

Industrial pollution fact sheet 2015

Iceland

Acknowledgments

Content

Introduction

Significance of industry

Industrial emissions to air

Industrial emissions to water

Waste generation

References

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