Lecture 02
The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World
Growth of Industrial Prosperity
 New Products
 New Patterns
 Toward a World Economy
 The Spread of Industrialization

Russia – Sergei Witte

Japan
 Women and Work
 Organizing the Working Class

Marxist Theory

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto
 Socialist Parties

German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875

Second International

Revisionists

Revolutionary socialism

Trade Unions

Workers in factories in Britain organized with 4 million union members in 1914
The Emergence of Mass Society
 New Urban Environment
 The Social Structure of Mass Society
 The Elite
 The Middle Classes
 The Lower classes
 A Middle-Class Family
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 The Experiences of Women
 Marriage and the Family
 Movement for Women’s Rights
 Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle class women
 Access to jobs dominated by men: Teaching, nursing
 Demand for equal political rights
 Support of peace movements
 The New Woman
 Education in an Age of Mass Society
 In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle class
 Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary
education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12
 Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women
 “Natural role” of women
 Leisure in an Age of Mass Society
 Created by the industrial system
 Transportation systems meant:
The National State
 Tradition and Change in Latin America
 Political Change in Latin America
 Large landowners took a more direct interest in politics
 Land owners might support dictators to ensure their interests
 Rise of the United States
 Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914
 By 1900, the US was the world’s richest nation, but:
 Progressive Era
 United States as a World Power
 Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands
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 Acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from the Spanish-American
War
 Growth of Canada
 Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870
 Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871
 William Laurier, 1896
 Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
 Britain
 France
 Italy
 Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Russia
 Assassination of Alexander II in 1881
 Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a mistake
 Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with absolute power
 Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party
 Revolt in 1905
 Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905
 Results of antigovernment rebellions
 Europe in 1871
 International Rivalries and the Winds of War
 Bismarck made alliances to preserve the new German state
 Bismarck removed by William II in 1890
 Resulting alliance system
 Crisis in the Balkans
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments
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 A New Physics
 Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis
 The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism
 Darwin’s ideas applied to human society
 Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)
 Anti-Semitism
 Palestine
 Culture of Modernity
 Symbolists
 Art
 Post-Impressionism - Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
 Photography - George Eastman 1888
 Cubism - Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
 Visual reality - Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
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