AP BIOLOGY REVIEW SHEET
Unit 2—Cell Structure & Transport
Big Ideas 1, 2, 3, 4
Cell Structure Objectives
Vocabulary:
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
DNA
Chromosome
Chromatin
Ribosome
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Body (Apparatus)—
Cisternae, Vesicles
Lysosome
Autophagy,
Autolysis
Peroxysomes
Glyoxysomes
Mitochondria—Cristae,
Matrix
Plastids
Chloroplast—Thylakoids,
stroma
Chromoplast
Amyloplast
Vacuoles—central, food,
contractile
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Flagella
Cilia
Centrioles
Centrosome
Cell Wall
Intercellular Junctions
Plasmodesmata
Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions,
Desmosomes
Compartmentalization
Endomembrane System
1. Recognize, name, and give functions of various cell organelles/parts.
a. Study cell part flashcards. (Suggestion: Make flashcards for terms that are not cell parts
themselves, i.e. autophagy, endomembrane system)
b. Give the functions of the following cell parts:
i. Cytosol
ii. Nucleus
iii. Nuclear Envelope
iv. Nucleolus
v. DNA
vi. Ribosome
vii. Smooth ER
viii. Rough ER
ix. Golgi Apparatus
x. Lysosome
xi. Peroxysomes
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xii. Glyoxysomes
xiii. Mitochondria
xiv. Chloroplast
xv. Chromoplast
xvi. Amyloplast
xvii. Central vacuole
xviii. Food vacuole
xix. Contractile Vacuole
xx. Cytoskeleton
xxi. Microtubules
xxii. Microfilaments
xxiii. Intermediate Filaments
xxiv. Flagella
xxv. Cilia
xxvi. Centrioles
xxvii. Centrosomes
xxviii. Cell wall
xxix. Desmosomes
xxx. Tight junctions
xxxi. Gap junctions
xxxii. Plasmodesmata
2. Explain how the structure of an organelle/cell part relates to its function.
a. Describe the structure of the following cell parts and how that structure allows for its function:
i. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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ii. Smoot Endoplasmic Reticulum
iii. Cell Wall
iv. Central Vacuole
v. Nucleus
vi. Mitochondria
vii. Chloroplast
viii. Golgi Apparatus
ix. Lysosomes
x. Peroxysomes
xi. Microtubules
3. Discuss the advantages of compartmentalization to cell function and illustrate how the cell functions
as a system.
a. What do mean when we say eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized? How is this advantageous
to eukaryotic cells?
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b. Describe how the parts of the endomembrane system work together in protein synthesis and
export.
c. Describe how three other parts of the cell (not a part of the endomembrane system) work
together / are inter-related for cell function.
4. Discuss the issue of limited cell size and why it occurs. (Answer this using SA-V ratio in your answer.)
5. Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells in terms of structure. Describe how these
similarities and differences provide evidence for the evolutionary relationship between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
a. Make a Venn Diagram to show the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell structure.
b. Define serial endosymbiosis.
c. Describe the evidence scientists use to support the endosymbiotic theory.
d. Provide two other pieces of evidence that support the evolutionary relationship between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Cell Transport Objectives
Vocabulary:
Fluid Mosaic Model
Phospholipids
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Cholesterol
Integral Proteins
Peripheral Proteins
Transmembrane Proteins
Carbohydrates
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Semi-permeable
Selectively Permeable
Transport Proteins
Passive Transport
Concentration Gradient
Electrochemical Gradient
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Equilibrium
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Osmoregulation
Turgid
Flaccid
Plasmolysis
Water Potential
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
6. Diagram, label, and give the function of each component of the cell membrane in the fluid mosaic
model.
a. Diagram and label all of the components of the plasma membrane as described in the fluid
mosaic model. Then describe the function of each part in a sentence or less.
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7. List, define, and provide examples of the types of transport that occur across a membrane; identify
which membrane structure is used in each type of transport.
a. Fill in the chart below regarding active and passive transport.
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Definition
Characteristics
List and describe the
types of transport
that fit under each
category. Also
include the types of
molecules and
part(s) of the plasma
membrane involved
with each
type/example.
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b. An artificial cell with a synthetic membrane that is permeable to monosaccharides but is
impermeable to disaccharides and polysaccharides is placed into a beaker. The following solutes
are dissolved in water within the cell: 0.3M Sucrose, 0.8M Glucose, and 0.4M Starch. The
solution surrounding the cell has the following solutes dissolved in water: 0.2M Sucrose, 0.5M
Glucose, 0.9M Starch.
i. Is the surrounding solution hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic to the cell?
ii. In which direction will water diffuse?
iii. In which direction will glucose diffuse?
iv. In which direction will sucrose diffuse?
v. In which direction will starch diffuse?
8. Predict the movement of water based on differences in water potential.
a. Which has a higher water potential: 0.5M NaCl solution or 0.75M Glucose solution? Show your
calculations to support your answer.
b. If the 0.5M NaCl solution is inside a synthetic cell and the 0.75M glucose solution is outside the
cell, what direction will water move, into or out of the cell?
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