Carboxylic acids
Aldehydes and ketones
Naming and isomerism
Recall IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkanes, haloalkanes, alcohols and
alkenes (now include position isomers) (now up to 10 carbons long)
Recall the different types of formula, including skeletal
Recall the three types of structural isomer
Understand the term ‘sterioisomerism’ and name E/Z isomers (ensure
you know conditions required for E/Z isomerism)
Identify optical isomers, explaining the terms ‘chiral’, ‘enantiomer’
(dextro/laevo), racemic (racemate) and ‘plane polarised light’
State methods in producing a single enantiomer and discuss
Thalidomide as a worked example
Identify the carbonyl group as C=O
Identify, name and draw aldehydes and letones CARE: show aldehydes
as CHO, not COH
Know that aldehydes and ketones are functional group isomers
Know that acidified potassium dichromate (VI), K2Cr2O7, is a weak
oxidising agent and describe how to oxidise 1o and 2o alcohols
Write equations for the above using [O] as the oxidising agent
Describe and write equations for chemical tests to distinguish between
aldehydes and ketones
Describe the use of Benedict’s solution to distinguish between
aldehydes and ketones (Brady’s reagent optional)
Know that aldehydes and ketones can be reduced back to the
corresponding alcohol using sodium tetrahydridoborate (III), NaBH4
Know that reduction with NaBH4 is an example of nucleophilic addition
Write equations for the above reaction using [H]
Draw a mechanism for the above reaction, explaining where the :Hand H+ ions come from
Draw a mechanism for the nucleophilic addition reaction between
carbonyl compounds and HCN to form a hydroxynitrile
Write an equation to show how HCN acts as a weak acid
Know that Carboxylic acids contain the COOH functional group
Identify, name and draw carboxylic acids
Be able to draw all partial charges on a carboxylic acid and use these to
explain their solubility in water in terms of hydrogen bonding
Explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids, and write a dissociation
equation to show this CARE: reversible arrow
Be able to write equations for the reactions of carboxylic acids with
metals, carbonates and hydrogencarbonates
Exam ques
Revised
): S:
Covered
ISOMERISM AND CARBONYL CHEMISTRY
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A2 Chemistry – Unit 4
Esters
Fats, oils and biodiesel
Acyl chlorides
Know that carboxylic acids and esters are functional group isomers
Know that esters contain the –COO- functional group
Identify, name and draw esters
Describe how to make an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid,
stating the role of the concentrated sulphuric acid
Write equations for the above reactions, identifying which sections
of the ester come from each of the reactants CARE: reversible
Explain why the above reaction is a condensation reaction
Give some properties and uses of esters
State what a hydrolysis reaction is
Describe the acid hydrolysis of an ester to produce a carboxylic
acid and an alcohol, related to Le Chatelier’s principle
Know that esters can be hydrolysed with bases e.g. NaOH, to
produce a carboxylate salt and an alcohol CARE: reflux needed
Write equations for the above reactions
Know what saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are and the
difference between a fat and an oil
Know the structure of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol)
Show how a triglyceride (triester) can be made from glycerol and
three fatty acids CARE: condensation to form 3 water
Show the hydrolysis for the above reaction with NaOH to make
glycerol, soap and fatty acids
Describe how to react a triglyceride with methanol to make
biodiesel
Write an equation for the above reaction
Evaluate how carbon neutral biodiesel may be
Know that acyl chlorides contain the –COCl group, have the general
formula CnH2n-1OCl, and how to name and draw them
Write equations for the substitution reactions of acyl chlorides with
water, alcohols, ammonia and amines (HCl produced)
Explain why the above reactions are examples of nucleophilic additionelimination
Draw mechanisms for the above reactions
Know the structure for and how to name simple acid anhydrides
Write equations for the reactions of acyl chlorides with water,
alcohols, ammonia and amines (Carboxylic acid produced)
Know equations for the formation of aspirin from ethanoic
anhydride
Discuss why aspirin is not made using an acyl chloride