Pathogen
Disease
Borreliosis
Borrelia
B.burgdorferi,B.afzel
ii, B.garinii
Spirochete form.
Extracellular,
intracellular r.
Borrelia
Cell-wall-deficient
form. (L-form)
Borreliosis
Borrelia
Cyst form.
Intracellular or
extracellular.
Borreliosis
Babesia Protozoa
B. microti,B.
duncani
Babesiosis—a
malaria-like
illness.
Bartonella
B.henselae,
B.quintana,B.
divergens
Bartonellosis
—cat-scratch
disease, trench
fever.
Ehrlichia/Anaplas
maErhlichia
chaffeensis,
Anaplasma
phagocytophilum
Human
Monocytic
Ehrlichiosis,
Human
Granulocytic
Ehrlichiosis
Treatment
Beta lactam
antibiotics eg:
amoxicillin,
ceftriaxone,
cefuroxime.
Spirochaete can
induce the
convertion to the L
form or the cyst
form
Notes
Fast, even in viscous
environments,
intercellular infection.
Rapidly converts to
other forms,
intracellular infections.
(dose always start low
depending on the
patients herxheimer
response)
Tetracyclines,egdox
ycycline,
Macrolides eg:
azithromycin or
clarithromycin
Nitromidazolines
e.g: metronidazole,
tinidazole or
hydroxychloroquine
. Avoid concurrent
cell-wall-inhibiting
antibiotics.
atovaquone,
atovaquone and
proguanil
(Malarone),
(contraindicated
with CoQ10),
azithromycin,
clindamycin with
quinine; Alternative
– artemisinin
(Blackmores) and
artemether +
lumefantrine
(RiametTM).
azithromycin,
ciprofloxin or
rifampicin.N.B.
atovaquone can
inactivate
ciprofloxin so need
to treat Bartonella
before Babesia.
immune evasion
doxycycline or
rifampicin
Resistant to beta
lactams, macrolides
and tetracyclines. Can
convert to spirochete
under favourable
conditions.
Common co-infection
B.duncani more
virulent and need
extensive treatment or
B.microti,
B.divergence
Gram-negative
bacterium.
intracellular
extracellular. Side
effects of ciprofloxin
causing tendon
problems (high dose
vitamin C &
magnesium
prevention).
Small gram-negative
bacterium. Infects
white blood cells. A
persistant leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia, and
elevated liver enzymes
RickettsiaeR.honei,
R.australis,R.typhi,
Orientia
tsutsugamushi
Mycoplasma
M.fermentans,M.pne
umoniae
Flinders Island
spotted fever,
Queensland
tick typhus,
Murine
Typhus, Scrub
typhus
Mycoplasmosi
s
DNA Viruses
HHV-6 ( Human herpes
virus), EBV (Epstein
Barr virus), CMV
(cytomegalovirus),
RNA VirusesTick
Borne encephalitis Virus
(TBE) common with
tick bites as co-infection
and can present with
serious symptomology
of paralysis if not
detected early. In
Australia Murray Valley
encephalitis virus, other
flavi viruses should be
explored in chronic L
Lyme like illness with
very serious paralytic
nature in Australia
may occur in acute
infection.
Maculopapular skin
rash, severe
headache(especially
behind eyes).
doxycycline
doxycycline,
azithromycin or
clarithromycin and
hydroxychloroquine
.
famciclovir,
valaciclovir, ganciclovir
or anti-retrovirals eg.
zidovudine, ritonavir
Over 100 species.
Smallest bacteria
known. Intracellular.
Difficult to eliminate
and slow growing.
Utilise host
cholesterol..
depression,SOB,
problems and
gastrointestinal
problems.
Low bacterial load and
minimal symptomology,
usually no treatment. If serious
symptomology and big viral
load antiviral are utilised.
Vaccine available for TBE
vaccination should be
encouraged in people travelling
to Europe and Asia, including
Japanese encephalitis virus
(Banzhoff et al 2008). Two
vaccines area available, the
vaccine for the K23/Neudorfl
show subtye provide cross
protection against other
subtypes Far Eastern and
Siberian subtypes).
.