Lexicographic data (MS Word)

Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Lemma Orthography a- Class prefix Illustration lwɔ̂ l á-lɛ̂̂́ ɛŋ ‘Somebody has thrown an open gourd.’; lwɔ̂ l á-lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ ‘You have thrown an open gourd.’ bʊ̄ ʊl dwâat-áa càm-ɪ̀ kwʌ̄ n ‘Bol wants to eat porridge.’; bʊ̄ ʊl cɛ̂́ k-áa cám ‘Bol is continuously eating.’ -áa -á suffix -áa [stem]a suffix (nouns) càaak-áa ‘my milk’ -àa a suffix jāat̪-àa ŋɔ̂̂́ l ‘Somebody cuts specifically the wood.’, jāat̪ ŋɔ̂̂́ l kấa góoocɪ̄ɪ ‘Somebody cuts wood specifically with a machete.’ -àa -à suffix kwʌ̄ n dwâat-àa càaamɔ̀ ɪ̀ bʊ̄ ʊl ‘Bol wants to eat porridge’ āa- a a- prefix -āa [stem]a suffix (nouns) lwɔ̂ l āa-lɛ̂̂́ ɛŋ ‘Somebody has thrown the specific open gourd.’; lwɔ̂ l āa-lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ ‘You have thrown the specific open gourd.’ (compare with examples under entry for á) gʌ̀ ʌʌt-āa ‘my river bank’ ábî̂́c ábî̂́idʌ̀ k ábî̂́idʌ̌ ʌʌk ábïj ábïdäg ábïdägg noun, plural (numeral) noun, plural (numeral) noun, plural (numeral) ábî̂́idʌ̀ ʌʌk-áa, ábî̂́idʌ̀ ʌʌk ábî̂́idʌ̀ k-áa, ábî̂́idʌ̀ k-ɪ̀ 1 Remijsen & Ayoker Meaning verb prefix marking past tense suffix on auxiliary verbs, marking the argument structure of the clause as SVO. The main verb that follows it is in the short grade; DVNA if there is no argument; INF if there is an argument marks possession by a 1st person singular entity on plural nouns. marks narrow focus (specificity) on the associated argument; in external arguments, it suffixes to the preposition (kɪ̂́, yielding kấa). In the present tense, the presence or absence of this suffix governs to choice of the morphological verb form. suffix on auxiliary verbs, marking the argument structure of the clause as OVS. The main verb that follows it is in the long grade. verb prefix marking both past tense and focus on the preceding noun marks possession by a 1st person singular entity on singular nouns. five eight (etymologically: five-three) sets of eight Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 àbíik abî̂́ikjɛ̀ l ábî̂́iŋwɛ̀ ɛn ábî̂́iŋwɛ̌ ɛɛn ábî̂́irjɛ̄ w ábòook ábwōok abig ábïkyel ábïngwen ábïngwenn ábïryew ábögg ábwög noun, singular noun, plural (numeral) noun, singular noun, plural noun, plural (numeral) noun, plural noun, singular àbíiik-āa, àbíiiŋ̀ ádàaal-ɔ̀ ádalø noun, singular ádʌ̀ l-āa, ádʌ̂ l-ɪ̀ ádʌ̀ k àd̪ ʌ̂̂́ t̪-ɪ̄ ádʌ̂̂́ ʌl-ɪ̀ ádäg adhädhi ádällɪ̀ noun, plural (numeral) noun, plural noun, plural àd̪ ʌ̂́ t̪-áa, àd̪ ʌ̂́ t̪-ɪ̀ ádʌ̂ l-áa, ádʌ̂̂́ l-ɪ̀ àd̪ ʌ̂́ ʌt̪ àkấnɔ̀ àkấnɪ̄ ákɔ̌ ɔl ákɔ̌ ɔɔl ákôol-ɪ̀ àkɛ̄ ɛlɔ̂́ ákjɛ̀ l adhädh akanø akanni ákøl ákøøl áköli akelø ákyel ákwān álî̂́p akwan álïp álǐp álút̪ɪ̄ɪ álïp áludhi noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular (numeral) noun, singular noun, singular (numeral) noun, plural (numeral) noun, singular -ánɪ̂́ -ani suffix áŋwɛ̀ ɛn árjɛ̄ w ángwen áryew noun, plural (numeral) noun, plural (numeral) ábî̂́iŋwɛ̀ ɛɛn-áa, ábǐ̂́iŋwɛ̀ ɛɛn ábî̂́iŋwɛ̀ ɛn-áa, ábî̂́iŋwɛ̀ ɛn-ɪ̀ ábòok-áa, ábòok-ɪ̀ ábwōook-āa, ábwōooŋ̀ ad̪ ʌ̂̂́ ʌʌt̪-āa, ad̪ ʌ̂́ ʌʌǹ̪ àkấn-āa, ákán-ɪ̀ àkán-áa, ákán-ɪ̀ ákɔ̀ ɔɔl-āa, ákɔ̀ ɔɔl àkɛ̄ ɛl-āa, àkɛ̄ ɛl-ɪ̀ Remijsen & Ayoker sorghum flour six (etymologically: five-one) nine (etymologically: five-four) sets of nine seven (etymologically: five-two) stalks carrying cobs of grain maize, refers to the grain, or to a single stalk carrying a cob of grain particular kind of gourd; round, with a small opening on top, and a long neck. See also: ʊ̂́ kùuurɔ̀ three bottles particular kind of gourd (pl); round, with a small opening on top, and a long neck. See also: ʊ̂́ kùuurɔ̀ bottle shelter shelters drumstick drumsticks; alternative: ákôol-ɪ̀ drumsticks; alternative: ákɔ̌ ɔɔl akelo (noodle dish made from sorghum) one ákwāaan-āa, ákwàaan álî̂́p-āa, álîm ear lobe thousand (loan word from Arabic) álìp-áa, álìp-ɪ̀ thousands (loan word from Arabic) small gourd, used as a scoop (scoop without neck) demonstrative suffix; conveys that referent is aforementioned four two 2 Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Remijsen & Ayoker ápwɔ̄ ɔɔc-ɔ̄ ápwøjø noun, singular ápwɔ̄ ɔɲ-āa, ápwɔ̄ ɔɲ-ɪ̀ rabbit átɪ̀ɪɪnɔ̀ átinø noun, singular átɪ̀ɪn-āa, átɪ̀ɪn-ɪ̀ kind of water plant; it spreads on the surface of the water, while its roots go into the riverbed. àwàaac awaaj àwàac-áa, àwàac-ɪ̀ windows, openings àwàac àwấac bǎa awaj awaj ba noun, plural (alt. plural àwǎaac) noun, singular noun, singular copula bàaak baag window, opening dough (for food, cmp. with ʊ̂́ kít) introduces noun predicate (without agreement for number) guess bấaaŋ bang transitive, short with grade low class preposition bâk bàt bʊ̄ ŋ bag bad bong noun, singular noun, singular copula bɔ̌ ɔɔŋ-ɔ̂́ bɔ̄ ɔl bɔ̀ ɔl bøøngø bøl bøl noun, singular noun, singular function word bɛ̄ ɛ be subordinator běeen bêen-ɛ̀ bënn bëne quantifier quantifier àwàaac-āa, àwàaaɲ àwấac-āa, àwáaaɲ̀ gìn-ánɪ̂́ bǎa kwʌ̄ n ‘That is porridge.’ á-bấk, á-bàaak-á, a-bàaak, ʊ̀ -bàaak-ɔ̀ jàa bấaaŋ-āa ‘it is behind me’, jàa báaaŋ-gɛ̂́ n ‘it is behind them’ bāaak-āa, bâaaŋ bàaat-āa, bàaan bʊ̄ ŋ càak ‘There is no milk.’, bʊ̄ ŋ t̪ɔ̂́ɔl ‘There is no rope.’ bɔ̀ ɔŋ-āa, bɔ̂ ɔŋ-ɪ̀ bɔ̄ ɔɔl-āa, bɔ̄ ɔɔl̀ djɛ̀ ɛl lʌ̂ w kɪ̀ bɔ̀ ɔl-ɪ̀ gjɛ̀ ɛɛnɔ̀ ‘Chicken is better than goat.’ bʊ̄ ʊl á-bìi bɛ̄ ɛ càm-ɪ̀ kwʌ̄ n ‘Bol has come to eat porridge.’; bʊ̄ ʊl á-bìi bɛ̄ ɛ cám ‘Bol has come to eat.’ ɟɪ̀ɪ běeen ‘all people’ cɔ̂̂́ lɔ̀ bêen-ɛ̀ ‘every Shilluk’ 3 behind garden arm negative existential pelican invalid, person with a disability ‘than’; introduced a standard for comparison; is introduced by the locative preposition kɪ̀ introduces a clause expressing the goal (‘in order to’); it takes the infinitive form of the verb as its argument; compare /ʊ̀ -/ (conditional) all every Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Remijsen & Ayoker á-bèeet, ʊ̀ -bèeet, ʊ̂́ gɔ̂̂́ t̪ ábèeet ɛ̂́ mâr ‘The cloth was green. (serial construction)’ á-bɛ̂ ɛt OR á-bɛ̂̂́ ɛt, ʊ̀ -bɛ̀ ɛɛt á-bɛ̂̂́ l, á-bɛ̂ l-à, á-bɛ̂ l, ʊ̀ -bɛ̂ lɔ̀ stay, sit, be; refers to a continuous state, as opposed to pèek-ɪ̂́ fishing spear sharp come noun, singular bɛ̀ t̪-āa, bɛ̀ n̪-ɪ̀ [no non-permanent form] á-bìi, ʊ̀ -bếeen-ɔ̄ ; kàa béeenɛ̂́ ‘when he comes’ kàal bếeen-ɔ̄ ‘Come a little closer.’ bjēel-āa, bjēel-ɪ̀ byel böl noun, plural noun, singular bjɛ̂́ ɛl-áa, bjɛ̂́ ɛl-ɪ̀ bòool-āa, bòool bôoorɔ̀ böörø noun bʊ̂́ gɔ̀ n bogøn independent pronoun pîɲ bǎa bôoorɔ ‘It was evening.’ bʊ̄ ʊl á-bìi kɪ̀ bôoorɔ̀ ‘Bol came in the evening.’ kwʌ̄ n bʊ̂́ -gɔ̀ n ‘No porridge. bʊ̂́ gìn bogin independent pronoun câak bʊ̂́ -gìn ‘No milk. bʊŋàaan bongan independent pronoun bùtɪ̂́ budi intransitive (incept.) bʊ̄ -ŋàaan āa-gòooɲ t̪jɛ̀ ɛw ‘Nonetheless, nobody complained’ á-bûtɪ̀, ʊ̂́ -bût-ɔ̄ běeet bëëd intransitive bɛ̀ ɛɛt bɛ̂ l beed bel bɛ̌ t̪ bɛ̂̂́ t̪ bìi bedh bedh bi intransitive transitive, fixed short low fall class noun, singular adjective intransitive bjēeel-ɔ̂́ byëlø bjɛ̂́ ɛl bòol 4 be inhabited (related to bèeet) taste (a food item) stalk of durra grain, including the head with its kernels durra grain (mass), stalks of durra grain shaft (e.g. of spear); handle (e.g. of knife); cob (the part of a maize to which the grains are attached) evening; it does not inflect like a noun; and yet it is like a noun in that it needs to be introduced by the deictic marker /kɪ̀/. a predicate marking unavailability in the singular; translated as ‘empty’, ‘unavailable’, ‘exhausted’, See also bʊ̂́ gìn. a predicate marking unavailability in the plural; translated as ‘empty’, ‘unavailable’, ‘exhausted’. See also bʊ̂́ gɔ̀ n. nobody, contraction of bʊ̀ ʊŋ+ŋàaan lie down Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 bùl bul transitive, fixed short low class á-bû̂́ l, á-bùl-á, á-bùl, ʊ̀ -bùl-ɔ̀ bùul bʊ̄ ʊl bʊ̄ ʊŋ bul Bol bong noun, singular personal noun noun marker bùuul-āa, bùuul bùuut̪ buudh transitive, long mid class bûuut bʌ̂ ʌr bʌ̂̂́ ʌʌj̄ bʌ̀ ʌʌk buud bär bääy bääk bʌ̂ ʌʌl bääl intransitive (contin.) adjective noun, plural transitive, short with grade low fall class transitive, long with grade low fall class bʌ̂ ʌʌt bwɔ̀ ɔɔk -ɔ̀ bääd bwøøg ø noun, plural intransitive suffix cáa càak cák ca cag cag auxiliary+focus noun, plural auxiliary ɔ̂ ɔt ɔ̄ ɔt cɛ̂́ k ødd ød ceg noun, plural noun, singular auxiliary bʊ̄ ʊŋ câak ‘(There is) no milk.’; bʊ̄ ʊŋ câak mɛ̂́ -á-lɪ̂̂́ɪt̪ ɪ̀ bʊ̄ ʊl kɪ̀-jɪ̀ɪ lwɔ̀ l ‘Bol did not see any milk in the gourd.’ á-bû̂́ ut̪, ábùuut̪-à, á-bùuut̪, ʊ̀ -bû̂́ uut̪ɔ̄ á-bû̂́ ut, ʊ̀ -bû̂́ t-ɔ̄ bʌ̂́ ʌʌr̀ , bʌ̀ r-ɔ bʌ̂́ ʌj-áa, bʌ̂́ ʌjɪ̀ á-bʌ̂̂́ k, á-bʌ̂ ʌʌk-à, á-bʌ̂ ʌʌk, ʊ̀ -bʌ̂ ʌʌk-ɔ á-bʌ̂̂́ ʌl, á-bʌ̂ ʌʌl-à, á-bʌ̂ ʌʌl, ʊ̀ -bʌ̂ ʌʌl-ɔ̀ bʌ̂ ʌt-áa, bʌ̂ ʌt-ɪ̀ á-bwɔ̀ ɔk, ʊ̀ -bwɔ̂̂́ ɔɔk-ɔ̄ dɔ̂ ɔɔc-ɔ̀ ‘goodness’, kwâaarɔ̀ ‘redness’ ADD EXAMPLE FROM TEXT càaak-áa, càaak Bʊ̄ ʊl cák-áa cám “Bol starts eating.” ɔ̂ ɔt-áa, ɔ̂ ɔt-ɪ̀ ɔ̄ ɔɔt-āa, ɔ̄ ɔɔǹ Bʊ̄ ʊl cɛ̂́ k-áa cám “Bol is eating.” 5 Remijsen & Ayoker grill (roast thoroughly, to cook something like meat or fish) See also: mʌ̂ ʌʌl drum; dancing event Bol (a common Shilluk name) marks negative noun nominal predicates; it is not used without a noun head cheat be lying down long, tall milk, processed in a gourd heat up (re. dry food) throw at, aiming to hit it; the internal argument is the goal. The thing thrown is something that is not sharp, such as a stone. See also lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ, kèeel, wɛ̀ tɪ̂́ arms become afraid produces nominalisations based on adjective base milk conveys inception to main event of clause; note similarity to the auxiliary {cɛ̂́ k} houses, thukuls (see also wût) house, thukul conveys continuation or intentionality to main event of clause; note similarity to the auxiliary {cák} Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Remijsen & Ayoker transitive, fixed short low class transitive, fixed short low class noun, singular, inalienable noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular transitive, long with grade high fall class á-cɛ̂̂́ k, á-cɛ̀ k-á, á-cɛ̀ k, ʊ̀ -cɛ̀ kɔ̀ á-cɛ̂̂́ k, á-cɛ̀ k-á, á-cɛ̀ k, ʊ̀ -cɛ̀ kɔ̀ cjếek-āa, cjéeŋ̀ instruct cíik-áa, cíik-ì cɪ̂́ŋ-áa, cɪ̂́ŋ-ɪ̀ cɪ̀ŋ-āa, cɪ̀ŋ-ɪ̀ á-cjɛ̂ t-ɪ̀, á-cjɛt-á, acjɛ̄ t-ɪ̂́, ʊ̀ cjɛ̂ t-ɔ̀ cjän cyängg cögø cool noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular transitive verb, long with grade low fall class còoop cööb transitive, long low class còoot cödd noun, plural cjʌ̂̂́ ʌʌn-āa, cjʌ̂́ ʌʌǹ cjʌ̂́ ŋ-áa, cjʌ̂́ ŋ-ɪ̀ còoŋ-āa, còoŋ-ɪ̀ a-cốol, á-côool, ʊ̀ -côool-ɔ̀ , ácɔ̂́ l-ɪ̀ (past iterat.), á-cúl-ɪ̀ (past benef.) á-cốop, á-cooop-á, á-còoop, ʊ̀ -còoop-ɔ̀ còot-áa, còot-ɪ̀ laws hands hand chase; the inflections are as in the transitive, for a verb from the long with grade High Fall class. end days bone compensate; the internal argument is the entity that has been killed, wounded, or damaged, not the beneficiary found (e.g a village) còoot cööd transitive, long low class cūuu cùŋ-ɪ̂́ cʌ̂ ŋ cwàaak cu cungi cyäng cwaag cwôt cwöd noun, plural intransitive noun, singular transitive, short with grade low class noun, singular cwɔ̀ ɔɔl cwøøl cɛ̀ k ceg cɛ̀ k ceg cí cï cɪ̂́ɪk cɪ̂́ŋ cɪ̀ŋ-ɔ̀ cjɛ̄ t-ɪ̂́ cigg cing cingø cyeti cjʌ̂́ n cjʌ̀ ŋ cǒook-ɔ̂́ côool transitive, long with grade high fall class á-cốot, á-còoot-á, á-còoot, ʊ̀ -còoot-ɔ̀ cùu-áa, cūu-ɪ̀ á-cùŋɪ̀, ʊ̂́ -cùŋɔ̀ cʌ̄ ʌʌŋ-āa, cʌ̄ ʌʌŋ̀ á-cwák, á-cwàaak-á, ácwàaak, ʊ̀ -cwàaak-ɔ̀ cwốoot-āa, cwóooǹ á-cwɔ̂̂́ ɔl, á-cwɔ̀ ɔɔl-à, ácwɔ̀ ɔɔl, ʊ̀ -cwɔ̂̂́ ɔɔl-ɔ̄ , á-côolɪ̀ (past benef.) 6 fish (v.) – using lines, hooks, nets, but not with a fishing spear; cmp. mâaaj wife hornless animals, of a species that can have horns, e.g. goats, cows, gazelles break (something, by pulling it, e.g. rope) bones be upright, stand up day, sun defend hornless animal, of a species that can have horns, e.g. goats, cows, gazelles call Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 cwɔ̂ ɔɔp cwøøl cwɪ̂ɪr cwir transitive, long with grade low fall class noun, uncountable dǎaak daag noun, singular á-cwɔ̂̂́ p, á-cwɔ̂ ɔɔp-à, ácwɔ̂ ɔɔp, ʊ̀ -cwɔ̂ ɔɔp-ɔ̀ pɪ̂́ɲ bǎa cwɪ̂ɪr ‘It was the rainy season.’ dàak-áa, dàak-ɪ̀ d̪ ấaan̪ -ɔ̀ dhanhø noun, singular d̪ áan̪ -āa, d̪ áan̪ -ɪ̀ d̪ ấaɟ-ɔ̄ dhajø noun, singular dâak dâk dag dag noun, singular noun, singular dɔ̂̂́ ɔc døj adjective dɔ̂ ɔɔc-ɔ̀ døøjø noun, singular d̪ áaɲ-ɪ̀ (no possessed forms) dâaak-āa, dâaaŋ dāaak-āa, dâaaŋ, dâaak-ɛ̀ (poss. 3rd sg.), dāaak-gɛ̂́ n (poss. 3rd pl.) dɔ̂́ ɔɔc̀ (sg. non-permanent), (kɪ̀) dɔ̀ ɔɔc (adverb) dɔ̂ ɔc-āa, dɔ̂ ɔɲ-ɪ̀ dɔ̌ ɔɔk døøg auxiliary dɔ̀ ɔŋ-ɪ̂́ d̪ ɔ̂́ k d̪ ɔ̂ k dɔ̀ ŋ-ɪ̂́ dɛ̂́ døngi dhøg dhøgg dønggi de intransitive noun, singular noun, plural intransitive conjunction dɛ̂́ ɛ de subordinator dèel dɛ̄ ɛŋ dël Deng noun, singular personal noun á-dɔ̂̂́ ɔɔk, ʊ̂́ -dɔ̂̂́ ɔɔk-ɔ̀ , Bʊʊl ádɔ̂̂́ ɔɔk kɪ̂́ t̪āal ‘Bol repeats cooking.’ á-dɔ̀ ɔŋɪ̀, ʊ̂́ -dɔ̀ ɔŋɔ d̪ ɔ̂̂́ k-āa, d̪ ɔ̂́ ŋ̀ d̪ ɔ̂ k-áa, d̪ ɔ̂ k-ɪ̀ á-dɔ̂ ŋɪ̀, ʊ̀ -dɔ̂ ŋ-ɔ̀ dɛ̂́ pất̪ kɪ̂́ mɛ̂́ n āarɔ̂́ mɪ̀ ɪ̀ gɛ̂́ n ‘But it was not the one they expected.’ dɛ̂́ ɛ jɪ̄c-ɪ̂́ dâa d̪ ấaan̪ ɔ̀ ‘if there is a baby in your belly, […]’ dèeel-āa, dèeel 7 Remijsen & Ayoker stab rainy season, approximately April to October (no inflected forms) herds; it is also a person’s name (Dak), e.g. the son of Nyikango person; the use of the possessed forms is derogatory. The construct state form is suppletive, see: ŋàaan woman herd cooking pot good goodness; nominalisation of adjective dɔ̂̂́ ɔc repeat; it may well be related to dwǒook ‘return’; the verb appears as external argument become big mouth mouths flatter but if skin, body person’s name; also the name of a spirit, well known in the culture of Shilluk and Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 dɪ̂́ɪ di copula kɛ̀ dɪ̂́ɪ rʌ̄ t̪ ‘If there is a deity, [then …]’; dâa rʌ̄ t̪ ‘There is a deity.’ dǐiim dìim-ɪ̀ d̪ jàaŋ dïïm dïmi dhyang noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular dìim-āa, dìim-ɪ̀ dìim-áa, dìim-ɪ̀ d̪ j-ǎa (children sometimes say d̪ jàaaŋ-āa), d̪ ɪ̀n̪-ɪ̀, d̪ ɪ̀ɪ (construct state) djēeer-ɔ̄ djêek djɛ̀ ɛl d̪ òk dyërø dyëg dyel dhök noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural djēer-āa, djēer-ɪ̀ djéek-áa, djéek-ɪ̀ djɛ̀ ɛɛl-āa, djɛ̀ ɛɛl d̪ òk-áa, d̪ òk-ɪ̀ dòoor-ɔ dōor dùuut döörø döör duud dòor-āa, dòor-ɪ̀ dōor-áa, dōor-ɪ̀ á-dû̂́ ut, á-dùuut, ʊ̀ -dû̂́ uut-ɔ̀ d̪ ʌ̂ ʌt̪ dhädh noun, singular noun, plural transitive, long high fall class noun, singular dʌ̂ ʌʌk dwàatɪ̂́ dääg dwaddí noun, plural transitive, and auxiliary dwɔ̂̂́ ɔŋ dwǒook -ɛ̂́ dwøng dwöög [stem]e adjective intransitive suffix (nouns) dʌ̂ ʌk-áa, dʌ̂ ʌk-ɪ̀ á-dwấat-ɪ̀ (past), ʊ̂́ -dwàat-ɔ̀ (non-evidential), ʊ̀ -dwàat-ɔ̀ (imperf), ʊ̂́ -dwấat-ɪ̀ (future) dwɔ̂́ ɔɔŋ̀ , dɔ̀ ɔŋ-ɔ̀ á-dwôook, ʊ̂́ -dwôook-ɔ̀ càaak-ɛ̂́ ‘his milk’ d̪ ʌ̂̂́ ʌʌt̪-āa, d̪ ʌ̂́ ʌʌǹ̪ 8 Remijsen & Ayoker related Nilotic groups such as Dinka and Nuer existential, but not independently, licensed in conditional subordination, or by focus marker (/dɪ̂́ɪ/ + /à/, yielding /dâa/) sieve sieves cow; front tooth (upper or lower) – this second meaning derives from the payment for causing the loss of a front tooth center, middle goats goat cows; front teeth (upper or lower) – this second meaning derives from the payment for causing the loss of front teeth wall walls lie, misinform sorghum mash, used to make alcoholic beverages cooking pots want, like; irregular, i.e., it does not fit into on of the transitive verb classes. big return marks possession by a 3rd person singular entity on plural nouns. Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 -ɛ̀ [stem]e suffix (nouns) gʌ̀ ʌʌt-ɛ̀ ‘his river bank’ ɛ̂́ e pronoun ɛ̂́ ɛ e subordinator -ɛ̂́ ɛ [stem]ee suffix (nouns) gɔ̀ (n) gøn pronoun a-bìi ɛ̂́ ʊ̂́ -rìiŋɔ̀ ‘Somebody came running. ɛ̂́ ɛ jáa t̪ɪɪɪn̪ ‘While I was small’ gʌ̀ ʌʌt-ɛ̂́ ɛ ‘our (inclusive) river bank’, càaak-ɛ̂́ ɛ ‘our (inclusive) milk’ gìn-ánɪ̂́, rɪ̂́-gɔ̀ kùm-ɛ̀ kɪ̂́ ʊ̂́ gɔ̂̂́ t̪ ‘The thing had (apparently) covered itself with a cloth.’ gɔ̀ ɔɔc gøøj transitive, long low class góooc-ɪ̄ɪ gööji noun, singular gǒook göög intransitive á-gôook, ʊ̀ -gôook-ɔ̀ -gɛ̂́ n [stem]gen suffix (nouns) gɛ̀ ɛɛr geer transitive, long low class gíiir̀ gïïr adjective gìk gik pronoun gʌ̀ ʌʌt-gɛ̂́ n ‘their river bank’, càaak-gɛ̂́ n ‘their milk’ á-gɛ̂̂́ ɛr, á-gɛ̀ ɛɛr-á, á-gɛ̀ ɛɛr, ʊ̀ gɛ̀ ɛɛr-ɔ̀ ɟấmɪ̀ gíiir̀ ‘The things are many’ gìk bǎa nʌ̀ ʌj-áa ‘These are my maternal uncles.’; gìk bǎa càak ‘This is milk.’ gîn gin pronoun a-gɔ̂̂́ ɔc, á-gɔ̀ ɔɔc-á, á-gɔ̀ ɔɔc, ʊ̀ -gɔ̀ ɔɔc-ɔ̀ gîn bǎa kwʌ̄ n / gjɛ̀ ɛɛnɔ̀ ‘The aforemenetioned thing is porridge / a chicken’ 9 Remijsen & Ayoker marks possession by a 3rd person singular entity on singular nouns. independent pronoun 3rd person singular, preverbal form while (at the same time) marks possession by a 1st plural inclusive entity on singular and on plural nouns. independent singular personal pronoun, (plural: gìn), with distribution restricted to object. Not specific for animacy. Compare gîn gɪ̂k hit (single occurrence); see also pwòoot machete, i.e., a large clear-like knife; instrument noun derived from transitive gɔ̀ ɔɔc ‘hit’. See also -ɪ̄ɪ become; the argument is introduced by kɪ̂́; unaccusative derivation of gwɔɔk marks possession by a 3rd person plural entity on singular and on plural nouns. build many (non-permanent) independent pronoun, plural and indeterminate, referring to a non-human entity (i.e., inanimate or animal). When modified by a singular possessor noun it is /gìi/; when modified by a plural possess or it is /gǐi/. See also gîn independent pronoun, singular and indeterminate, referring to a non-human entity (i.e., inanimate or animal). When Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 gɪ̂ɪɪr giir transitive, long low fall class gjɛ̀ ɛɛn-ɔ̀ gjɛ̄ ɛn gʌ̀ ʌt gʌ̌ ʌʌc gʌ̂ ʌʌr gyenø gyen gäd gääj gäär gʌ̌ ʌʌr gäär noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular transitive, long low fall class noun, singular gwɔ̂ ɔɔk gwɔɔg transitive, short-withgrade low fall class gwɔ̄ ɔk gwøg noun, singular gwɛ̂́ ɛc gwêeec gwôk gwốook -ɪ̂́ɪ gwej gwëëj gwög gwögg [stem]í noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural suffix (nouns) ɪ̀ɪ yi grammatical particle -ɪ̄ɪ [stem]í suffix (nouns) -ɪ̄ɪ [stem]i suffix (nouns) á-gɪ̂̂́ɪr, á-gɪ̂ɪɪr-à, á-gɪ̀ɪɪr, ʊ̀ gɪ̂ɪɪr-ɔ̀ , á-gɛ̂́ r-ɪ̀ (past iterat.), á-gír-ɪ̀ (pas benef.) gjɛ̀ ɛn-āa, gjɛ̀ ɛn-ɪ̀ gjɛ̄ ɛn-áa, gjɛ̄ ɛn-ɪ̀ gʌ̀ ʌʌt-āa, gʌ̀ ʌʌn gʌ̄ ʌɲ-āa, gʌ̂ ʌɲ-ɪ̀ á-gʌ̂̂́ ʌr, á-gʌ̂ ʌʌr-à, á-gʌ̂ ʌʌr, ʊ̀ -gʌ̂ ʌʌr-ɔ̀ gʌ̀ ʌr-āa, gʌ̀ ʌr-ɪ̀ á-gwɔ̂̂́ ɔk, á-gwɔ̂ ɔɔk-à, ágwɔ̂ ɔɔk, ʊ̀ -gwɔ̂ ɔɔk-ɔ̀ , ágóok-ɪ̀ (past benefactive) gwɔ̄ ɔɔk-āa, gwɔ̄ ɔɔŋ̀ gwɛ̂̂́ ɛɛc-āa, gwɛ̂́ ɛɛɲ̀ gwêec-áa, gwêec-ɪ̀ gwốook-āa, gwóooŋ̀ gwóok-áa, gwốok-ɪ̀ càaak-ɪ̂́ɪ ‘your (sg.) milk [NB liquids are grammatically plural]’ kā já ɔ̂̂́ r ɪ̀ɪ wíij-āa ‘then my father sent me’; já a-mấk ɪ̀ɪ ɟwɔ̄ k ‘I became ill (lit. The illness caught me.)’ gʌ̀ ʌʌt-ɪ̄ɪ ‘your (sg.) river bank’ góooc-ɪ̄ɪ ‘machete’ (< gɔ̀ ɔɔc ‘hit’), ŋɪ̂́c-ɪ̄ɪ ‘sign’ (< ŋɪ̀c 10 Remijsen & Ayoker modified by a singular possessor noun it is /gìi/; when modified by a plural possessor it is /gǐi/. See also gîk turn (something) around; 180 degrees, without lifting it chicken chickens river bank baobab tree block access to something, e.g. cattle byre barrier; instrument noun derived from transitive gʌ̂ ʌʌr ‘block’. See also -ɪ̄ɪ make (something), work work – agentive nominalization from gwɔ̀ ɔɔk stirring stick stirring sticks dog dogs marks possession by a 2nd person singular entity on plural nouns. ergative marker; it is followed by the agent of a transitive verb. If present in a clause, the internal argument is to be found before the verb marks possession by a 2nd person singular entity on singular nouns. marker on instrument nouns, derived from transitive verbs; accompanied by Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 ɪ̄ɪc ɪŋ yij noun, singular copula já ya pronoun jàa ya copula jấaak̄ yaag noun, plural ɟấaak-ɔ̄ jàaap jagø yaab ɟàalɔ̀ jāat̪ ɟấm-ɪ̀ ján jalø yadh jammi yan noun, singular transitive, short-withgrade low class noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural pronoun jɛ̂́ n̪ jêeej jếej-ɔ jếeej-ɔ̀ jít̪ jît̪ ɟɪ̀ɪ ɟunû̂́ up jôm jôot yenh yëëy yëyø yïëyø yïth yïth jii junub yöm yöt ‘recognise’), rʌ̂́ ʌʌŋ-ɪ̄ɪ ‘mirror’ (< ràaaŋ ‘inspect’) ɪ̄ɪc-āa, ɪ̄ɪɲ̀ ʊ̂́ ɟwɔ̄ k à ɪ̂́ɪŋ wadh ɟúur ‘Ojwok who is the son of Jur.’ bʊ̄ ʊl á-ɪ̀ŋ-à pâac ‘Bol was in the village.’ já jàa kɛ̄ lɪ̄ kʌ̂̂́ ʌlɪ̄ ‘I am among the compounds.’ bʊ̄ ʊl jàa kɛ̄ lɪ̄ kʌ̂̂́ ʌlɪ̄ ‘Bol is among the compounds’ jáaak-áa, jáaak̀ , jáaak pàaan ‘those of this village’ ɟấaŋ-āa, ɟáaŋ-ɪ̀ á-jấp, á-jàaap, ʊ̀ -jàaap-ɔ̀ ɟàaal-āa, ɟâaal jāaat̪-āa, jāaaǹ̪ ɟám-áa, ɟám-ɪ̀ kwʌn á-cấm ɪ̀ ján ‘I ate the porridge.’; Kāa á-pjēeec ján ‘When they asked me’ Remijsen & Ayoker stem-internal markers: [+ATR], High tone, long grade of stem belly, stomach introduces a noun predicate (permanent relation only, so not ‘X is a chief.’) or a locative predicate. independent personal pronoun, 1st singular, pre-verbal form; in hiatus with a following vowel (typically a verb prefix), one finds [jáa]. See also ján introduces a locative predicate group, ‘those of’ chief, leader search noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural noun, plural jɛ̂́ n̪-áa, jɛ̂́ n̪-ɪ̀ jéej-áa, jéej-ɪ̀ jếej-āa, jéej-ɪ̀ jî̂́t̪-āa, jíǹ̪ jît̪-áa, jît̪-ɪ̀ ɟɪ̀ɪ-áa, ɟɪ̀ɪɪ man tree things independent personal pronoun, 1st singular, post-verbal form, whether agent (with ergative marker ɪ̀) or patient. See also já trees hair hair (singulative) belief ear ears people; see also tjéeŋ adjective adjective ĵ́ooom̀ jóoot̀ soft, flexible, bendy light (re. weight) 11 Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Remijsen & Ayoker á-jʊ̂̂́ ʊt, á-jʊ̂ ʊʊt, ʊ̀ -jʊ̂ ʊʊt-ɔ̀ , ájʊ̂ ʊʊt-à (past 1st sg.) á-jwấac, á-jwàaac, ʊ̀ jwấaac-ɔ̄ á-ɟwâan, ɟwâan-àa á-ɟwàan-ɪ̀, ʊ̂́ -ɟwàanɔ̀ ɟwɔ̄ ɔɔk-āa, ɟwɔ̄ ɔɔŋ̀ find ka transitive, long with grade low fall class transitive, with grade high fall class auxiliary intransitive noun, singular conjunction intransitive verb+focus subordination ɟám-ánɪ̂́ kàa rû̂́ m gɛ̂́ jôoot-ɔ̀ ɪ̀ já, já át̪ôot̪ɪ̀ tɔ̂́ ŋ ‘When I had found those things, (my father’s brother) gave me a spear.’ when (relativizer) kấa ka preposition+focus kwʌ̄ n cấm kấa pâal ‘Somebody eats porridge specifically with a spoon. kàaak kàaak kagg kaag kàaak kaag káaak̀ -ɔ̀ kàaak-ɔ̀ kàal kaagø kagø kal noun, plural transitive, short with grade low class transitive, long high fall class class noun, singular noun, singular adverb kâal kàam kấaan-ɔ̄ kaal kam kanø noun, singular noun, singular noun, singular kàk-áa, kàk-ɪ̀ á-kấk, á-kàaak-á, á-kàaak, ʊ̀ -kàaak-ɔ̀ á-kấk, á-kàaak-à, á-kàaak, ʊ̀ -kấaak-ɔ̄ kấaŋ-āa, káaŋ̀ -ɪ̀ kàŋ-āa, kâŋ-ɪ̀ kàal bếeen-ɔ̄ ‘Come a little closer.’ kấaal-āa, káaal̀ kàaam-āa, kàaam kấn-āa, kán-ɪ̀ Contraction of the external argument marker /kɪ̂́/ with the focus marker /-à/. It licenses the verb to appear without TAM prefix. cracks split (e.g wood) kấk-ɪ̄ kàl kaggì kal noun, plural noun, singular kák-áa, kấk-ɪ̀ gɔ̂̂́ l-āa, gɔ̂́ l̀ jʊ̂ ʊʊt yood jwàaac ywaaj ɟwâan ɟwàanɪ̂́ ɟwɔ̄ k kā káa kàa jwan jwani jwøg ka pull (away) do quickly (no agreement) walk quickly illness, something unknown and then give to drink (to somebody), by pouring into the mouth island crack slightly, a little cattle camp distance doum palm tree; it has an edible fruit, sc. Hyphaene thebaica 12 islands compound, clan, family Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 kʌ̂ ʌn-ɪ̀ käni noun, plural kʌ̂ ʌn-áa, kʌ̂ ʌn-ɪ̀ kɔ̀ c kɔ̌ c kɔ̂ ɔɔl køj køj køøl kɔ̀ l køl kɔ̀ c-áa, kɔ̀ c-ɪ̀ kɔ̀ c-āa, kɔ̀ ɲ-ɪ̀ á-kɔ̂̂́ ɔl, á-kɔ̂ ɔɔl, ʊ̀ -kɔ̂ ɔɔl-ɔ̀ , ákóol-ɪ̀ (past benef.) á-kɔ̂̂́ l, á-kɔ̀ l, ʊ̀ -kɔ̀ l-ɔ̀ kɔ̂ l køl kɛ̄ c kej noun, plural noun, singular transitive, long low fall class transitive, fixed-short low class transitive, fixed-short fall class noun, singular kɛ̂̂́ ɛc kèeel kej këël adjective transitive, long with grade low class kɛ̂́ ɛɛc̀ á-kếel, á-kèeel, ʊ̂́ -kèeel-ɔ̀ kɛ̄ lɪ̄ kelli preposition kɛ̂ n ken kɛ̌ t̪ kedh transitive, fixed short low fall class intransitive kɪ̂́ ki preposition kɪ̀ ki preposition bʊ̄ ʊl jàa kɛ̄ lɪ̄ kʌ̂̂́ ʌlɪ̄ ‘Bol is among the compounds.’ á-kɛ̂̂́ n, á-kɛ̂ n-à, á-kɛ̂ n, ʊ̀ kɛ̂ n-ɔ̀ á-kɛ̂̂́ t̪ (past), ʊ̂́ -kɛ̂ t̪-ɔ̀ (pres), á-kɛ̂̂́ t̪-ɪ̀ (past w. dest), kɛ̂̂́ t̪áa (pres. w. dest.; become kɛ̂́ t̪-áa on the surface) kwʌ̄ n á-cấm kɪ̂́ pâal ‘Somebody eats porridge with a spoon’ jāat̪ ʊ̀ -ŋɔ̀ lɔ̀ kɪ̀ kàl ‘Somebody is cutting wood in the compound.’; kāa á-béeen-á jáa ʊ̂́ -dwôook-ɔ̀ kɪ̀ tû̂́ uuŋ-a dɔ̂́ ɔɔk kùnù gʌ̀ ʌt ‘I came á-kɔ̂̂́ l, á-kɔ̂ l, ʊ̀ -kɔ̂ l-ɔ̀ kɛ̄ c-āa, kɛ̂ ɲ 13 Remijsen & Ayoker plural of doum palm tree; it has an edible fruit, sc. Hyphaene thebaica hoes hoe drive forward (e.g. cow) annoy, disturb dig out out a thorn from the skin using sharp tool place, time; it inalienable, i.e., it is always modified, either by a possessor or by a demonstrative; the demonstrative form conveys ‘here’ when modified with kɪ̀ kɛ̂ ɲ bitter spear; i.e., to throw a spear at an animal; the internal argument is the goal, typically an animal. See also bʌ̀ ʌʌl, lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ, wɛ̀ tɪ̂́ among soothe (somebody, typically baby) go introduces a non-deictic constituent (neither location nor time), as a non-core argument a) a deictic constituent (location or time) ‘in, at, from’, as a non-core argument of the verb; the meaning of the verb makes clear which of these meanings is at issue (for example, if the verb means ‘to Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 back from the side that is located towards the river’ b) jāat̪ ʊ̀ -ŋɔ̀ lɔ̀ kɪ̀ dɔ̀ ɔɔc ‘Somebody is cutting wood well.’ kìiil ration transitive, long high fall class intransitive particle kǐiiw kɪ̀nɪ̀ kïïw kinni kìt̪-ɔ̀ kjɛ̀ ɛɛr kyeer kjếeet̪̄ kòmɪ̀ kyëëdh kömi noun, singular transitive, with grade High Fall class noun, plural preposition (locative) kòoom-ɔ̀ kʊ̄ kömø ko noun, singular prohibition marker kùl kùm kul kum kùn kun noun, singular transitive, fixed short low class preposition kʊ̄ ʊ koo negation marker kû̂́ uur-ɔ̀ kuurø noun, singular ̂́ á-kìiil-à, á-kìiil, ʊ̀ á-kîil, ̂́ kîiil-ɔ̄ , á-kîlɪ̀ (iterat.) ̂́ á-kìiiw, ʊ̀ -kîiiw-ɔ̄ ̂́ wíij-ɪ̀ gɔ̀ n kît̪ɪ̀ bɛ̄ ɛ kôopɔ̀ kɪ̀nɪ̀ ɲāaar-ɛ̂́ ɛ agấan á-dɔ̂ ɔŋɪ̀ ‘And then her father is told: “Our daughter is surely grown up.” ’ á-kjɛ̂ r̂̈ , á-kjɛ̀ ɛɛr, ʊ̀ -kjɛ̂̂́ ɛɛr-ɔ̄ kjéet̪-áa, kjéet̪-ɪ̀ pwǒoot̪-ɔ̀ lǔuuŋ-áa kòmì nâam ‘The field sloped down on to the river.’ kòom-āa, kòom-ɪ̀ jāat kʊ̄ ŋɔ̂ l ‘Do not cut the wood.’; dɛ̄ ɛŋ kʊ̄ mʌ̀ ʌʌt̪ . ‘Do not greet Deng.’ kùl-āa, kùl á-kû̂́ m, á-kùm-à, á-kùm, ʊ̀ kùm-ɔ̀ , kàa áwʌ̄ t̪-á kùn-ánɪ̂́ ‘When I got there.’ jāat kʊ̄ ʊ ŋɔ̂̂́ l-à ‘I will not cut the wood.’; dɛ̄ ɛŋ kʊ̄ ʊ mʌ̂̂́ ʌt̪ ɪ̀ Bʊ̄ ʊl ‘Bol will not greet Deng.’ kû̂́ ur-āa, kúuur̀ -ɪ̀ 14 Remijsen & Ayoker return’, /kɪ̀/ means ‘from’, see illustration). The /k/ is dropped in fast speech – e.g. DownWithIllness, 93.2s. b) introduces an adjective that is used as an adverb, which involves a change in tone on the adjective. ration (e.g. food) yell, shout, cry marks quotations color forbid (something) urine, collected from many cows on top of, derived from ‘back’ back marks prohibitions, with a 2nd person subject warthog cover (something) towards marks negation in the future tense ball (loan from Arabic) Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 kʊ̂ ʊʊt̪ koodh transitive, long low fall class kʊ̂̂́ ʊʊt̪ kʊ̂̂́ ʊʊt̪-ɔ̄ kúuut̪-ɪ̄ɪ koodh koodhø kuudhi noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular kʌ̂̂́ ʌlɪ̄ kʌ̀ ʌʌk källi kääg kʌ̀ ʌʌl kääl noun, plural transitive, short with grade low class transitive, short with grade low class kʌ̀ ʌʌnɔ kʌ̀ ʌʌt kwàaaj käänø kädd kwaay kwàaan kwaan kwâar kwâaar-ɔ̀ kwàaar kwɔ̀ ɔɔŋ kwar kwarø kwarr kwøøng kwòoŋ kòooŋ kwɔ̂ ɔɔp kwöng kööng kwøøb noun, singular noun, plural transitive, with grade high fall class transitive, long with grade high fall class adjective noun, singular noun, plural transitive, long with grade high fall class noun, singular noun, plural transitive, short with grade long mid class á-kʊ̂̂́ ʊt̪, á-kʊ̂ ʊʊt̪-à, á-kʊ̂ ʊʊt̪, ʊ̀ -kʊ̂ ʊʊt̪-ɔ̀ , á-kɔ̂́ t̪-ɪ̀ (past iter.), á-kút̪-ɪ̀ (past benef.) kʊ̂́ ʊt̪-áa, kʊ̂́ ʊt̪-ɪ̀ kʊ̂́ ʊn̪ -āa, kʊ̂́ ʊn̪ -ɪ̀ kʌ̂́ ʌl-áa, kʌ̂́ ʌl-ɪ̀ á-kʌ̂̂́ k, á-kʌ̀ ʌʌk-á, á-kʌ̀ ʌʌk, ʊ̀ -kʌ̀ ʌʌk-ɔ̀ á-kʌ̂̂́ l, á-kʌ̀ ʌʌl, ʊ̀ -kʌ̀ ʌʌlɔ kʌ̄ ʌt-áa, kʌ̂ ʌt-ɪ̀ á-kwấaj, á-kwàaaj, ʊ̀ kwấaaj-ɔ̄ ákwấan, á-kwàaan, ʊ̀ kwấaan-ɔ̄ kwáaar̀ (non-permanent) kwâaar-āa, kwâaar kwàar-áa, kwàar-ɪ̀ á-kwɔ̂̂́ ɔŋ, á-kwɔ̀ ɔɔŋ-à, ákwɔ̀ ɔɔŋ, ʊ̀ -kwɔ̂̂́ ɔɔŋ-ɔ̄ kwòooŋ-āa, kwòooŋ kòoŋ-áa, kòoŋ-ɪ̀ á-kwɔ̂̂́ p, á-kwɔ̀ ɔɔp, ʊ̀ kwɔ̂ ɔɔp-ɔ̀ (benef.: á-kóp-ɪ̀ VOWEL??) 15 Remijsen & Ayoker blow; the internal argument is the goal, e.g. fire thorns thorn pipe; instrument noun derived from transitive kʊ̂ ʊʊt̪ ‘blow’. See also -ɪ̄ɪ compounds make hole for planting carry, take away, bring – The semantics of the base forms of this verb involve centrifugal deixis, i.e., ‘carry away’. When a destination is specified, one finds the irregular form á-kî̂́d̪ ɪ̀. The forms that are regularly marked for spatial deixis (ákʌ̂́ ʌʌl̀, á-kʌ̌ ʌʌl, á-kʌ̂ ʌʌlɔ̀ ) convey centripetal deixis ‘bring’ house of the king cattle camps take care of (re. cattle) count red descendant descendants be first to regulation (set by the Shilluk king) regulations (set by the Shilluk king) tell, say Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 kwɔ̂́ p kwøp noun, plural kwɔ̂́ p-áa, kwɔ̂̂́ pɪ̀ kwic kwïj auxiliary kwɪ̀ɪɪl-ɔ̀ kwɪ̄ɪl-ɪ̄ kwʌ̄ n kwʌ̀ rɪ̀ kwʌ̀ ʌʌrɔ lǎaaw-ɔ̂́ kwilø kwillì kwän kwärri kwärø lawø noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular jāat̪-àa kwîĉ́ ŋɔ̀ lɔ̀ ‘Somebody does not know how to cut wood / cuts wood badly.’ kwɪ̀ɪl-āa, kwɪ̀ɪl-ɪ̀ kwɪ̄ɪl-áa, kwɪ̄ɪl-ɪ̀ kwʌ̄ ʌʌn-āa, kwʌ̄ ʌʌǹ láac lɔ̀ ɲ láj løny noun, plural noun, singular láac-áa, láac-ɪ̀ lɔ̀ ɲ-āa, lɔ̀ ɲ lɔ̀ ɲ løny transitive, fixed short low class á-lɔ̂̂́ ɲ, á-lɔ̀ ɲ, ʊ̀ -lɔ̀ ɲ-ɔ̀ lɔ̌ ɲ løny noun, plural lɔ̀ ɲ-áa, lɔ̀ ɲ-ɪ̀ lɔ̂ t̪ lødh noun, plural lɔ̂ t̪-áa, lɔ̂ t̪-ɪ̀ lèeec-ɔ̀ lèeem-ɔ̀ lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ lëjø lëmø leeng noun, singular noun, singular transitive, long low class lèec-āa, lèeɲ-ɪ̀ lèem-āa, lèem-ɪ̀ á-lɛ̂̂́ ɛŋ, á-lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ, ʊ̀ -lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ-ɔ̀ lɛ̂ ɛɛp lêem-ɪ̀ lɛ̂́ ɛp lɛ̄ k lɛ̂ ŋ lebb lëmmì leb leg leng noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural transitive, fixed-short fall class lɛ̂ ɛp-áa, lɛ̂ ɛp-ɪ̀ lêem-áa, lêem-ɪ̀ lɛ̂̂́ ɛɛp-āa, lɛ̂́ ɛɛm̀ lɛ̄ k-áa, lɛ̄ k-ɪ̀ á-lɛ̂̂́ ŋ, á-lɛ̂ ŋ, ʊ̀ -lɛ̂ ŋ-ɔ̀ kwʌ̀ r-āa, kwʌ̀ r-ɪ̀ làaw-āa, làaw-ɪ̀ 16 Remijsen & Ayoker speech, story, problem – agentive nominalization from kwɔ̂ ɔɔp marks inability, lack of know-how canine tooth canine teeth porridge roof beams roof beam archaic: hide that is used as cloth for covering the body; current: cloth worn over the shoulder urine cat (generic term), i.e., covering both domestic cats and wild cats change (clothes); with spatial deixis, it refers to the putting on or taking off of clothes. cats (generic term), i.e., covering both domestic cats and wild cats sticks tooth jaw throw; the internal argument is the object that is thrown. See also bʌ̂ ʌʌl, kèeel, wɛ̀ tɪ̂́ tongues jaws tongue teeth drum Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Remijsen & Ayoker á-lɪ̂̂́ɪm, á-lɪ̀ɪɪm, ʊ̀ -lɪ̂̂́ɪɪm-ɔ̄ probe depth (e.g. of river) a-lɪ̂̂́ɪt̪, á-lɪ̂ɪɪt̪-à, á-lɪ̂ɪɪt̪, ʊ̀ -lɪ̂ɪɪt̪ɔ̀ see lïny lïny lip lyëdh löggi transitive, long with grade high fall class transitive, long with grade low fall class noun, singular noun, plural adjective adjective noun, plural ̂́ lîɲ-āa, líɲ̀ lîɲ-áa, lîɲ-ɪ̀ ʊ̀ -lɪ̀p-ɔ̀ léeet̪̀ lòok-áa, lòok-ɪ̀ war wars cold hot words, answers lòok-ɔ̀ lögø noun, singular lòok-āa, lòoŋ-ɪ̀ word, answer lùl lul noun, plural lùl-áa, lùl-ɪ̀ steep river banks lùm lùm noun, plural lùm-áa, lùm-ɪ̀ varieties of grass lʊ̂̂́ ʊc looj adjective black lʊ̂̂́ ʊl lol noun, singular lʊ̂́ ʊʊc̀ (non-permanent); lôoocɔ̀ ‘blackness (nominalisation)’ lʊ̂́ ʊʊl-āa, lʊ̂́ ʊʊl̀ lûum lum noun, singular lû̂́ uum-āa, lúuum̀ grass (mass noun) lʊ̀ ʊt̪ lodh noun, singular lʊ̀ ʊt̪-āa, lʊ̀ ʊʊn̪ stick lʊ̀ ʊʊɲ loony loony á-lʊ̂̂́ ʊɲ, á-lʊ̀ ʊʊɲ, ʊ̀ -lʊ̂̂́ ʊʊɲ-ɔ̄ , á-lûɲ-ɪ̀ (iterat.) á-lʊ̂̂́ ʊɲ, á-lʊ̂ ʊʊɲ, ʊ̀ -lʊ̂ ʊʊɲ-ɔ̀ take turns (in doing an activity) lʊ̂ ʊʊɲ transitive, long high fall class transitive, long fall class lʌ̂ ʌʌŋ lääng noun, plural lʌ̂ ʌŋ-áa, lʌ̂ ʌŋ-ɪ̀ lāaaŋ-ɔ̂́ lääng noun, plural lâŋ-āa, lâŋ-ɪ̀ lʌ̂ ʌʌk-ɔ̀ läägø noun, singular lʌ̂ k-āa, lʌ̂ ŋ-ɪ̀ lʌ̀ ʌʌp-ɔ̀ lʌ̂́ ʌwɪ̂́ läbø läwi noun, singular adjective lʌ̀ p-āa, lʌ̀ m-ɪ̀ (unchanged) name of a particular tree, and of its berry (‘nabak’ in Arabic) plural form of a particular tree, and of its berries (‘nabak’ in Arabic) right, responsibility, authority (e.g. as bestowed by the king to a clan) soil far lɪ̀ɪɪm liim lɪ̂ɪɪt̪ liidh líɲ lîɲ lɪ̀p ljêt̪ lòok-ɪ̀ 17 steep river bank pluck Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 lʌ̂ w läw predicate lwáak lwag lwʌ̀ ʌʌk Remijsen & Ayoker better noun, singular djɛ̀ ɛl lʌ̂ w kɪ̀ bɔ̀ ɔl-ɪ̀ gjɛ̀ ɛɛnɔ̀ ‘Chicken is better than goat.’ lwấaak-āa, lwáaaŋ̀ lwägg noun, plural lwʌ̀ ʌk-áa, lwʌ̀ ʌk-ɪ̀ cattle byres lwɔ̀ ɔɔk lwøøg lwøøg lwɔ̀ ɔɔp lwøøb lwɔ̂ ɔl lwøl á-lwɔ̂̂́ k, á-lwɔ̂ ɔɔk-à, álwɔ̂ ɔɔk, ʊ̀ -lwɔ̂ ɔɔk-ɔ̀ á-lwɔ̂ ɔɔk (past centrifugal), á-lwɔ̌ ɔɔk-á (past centrifugal 1st sg), á-lwɔ̌ ɔɔk (past centrifugal 2nd sg.) á-lwɔ̂̂́ p, á-lwɔ̀ ɔɔp-à, álwɔ̀ ɔɔp, ʊ̀ -lwɔ̀ ɔɔp-ɔ̀ lwɔ̂̂́ ɔɔl-āa, lwɔ̂́ ɔɔl̀ wash lwɔ̌ ɔɔk transitive, short with grade low fall class transitive, long with grade, high fall class mâaaj màaak maay maag maam màaan maan màaan-ɔ̀ mâaat̪ mâal manø maadh mal mâal mal noun, singular á-mấaj, á-mâaaj, ʊ̀ -mâaaj-ɔ̀ á-mấk, á-màaak-á, á-màaak, ʊ̀ -màaak-ɔ̀ á-mấam, á-màaam, ʊ̀ mấaam-ɔ̀ á-mấan, á-màaan, ʊ̀ -mấaanɔ̀ màan-āa, màan-ɪ̀ á-mấat̪, á-mâaat̪, ʊ̀ -mâaat̪-ɔ̀ já á-tî̂́ŋ mâal ‘They lifted me up.’ mấaal-āa, máaal̀ fish (using fishing spear); cmp. cɛ̀ k catch màaam transitive, long fall class transitive, short with grade low class transitive, long high-fall class transitive, long high fall class noun, singular transitive, long fall class adverb mấat̪ mâr madh mar noun, singular adjective mấaat̪-āa, máaaǹ̪ ʊ̀ -màaar-ɔ̀ , ʊ̂́ gɔ̂̂́ t̪ á-bèeet ɛ̂́ mâr ‘The cloth was green [permanently].’, ʊ̂́ gɔ̂̂́ t̪ ábèeet ɛ̂́ ʊ̀ -mâaarɔ̀ ‘The cloth was green [temporarily].’ female animal (general term) green transitive, short with grade high fall class noun, singular 18 cattle byre accompany; this verb only appears with centrifugal forms, not with base forms sort (e.g. people, cows) open gourd, cup; see also ʊ̂́ kùuurɔ̀ concede, give in about hate scrotum drink upward sky Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 mɪ̂́ɪɪ mɪ̂̂́ɪɪj-ɔ̀ mɔ̂́ - miy miyø mø- noun, plural noun, singular prefix mɪ̂́ɪɪj-áa, mɪ̂́ɪɪj-ɪ̀ mɪ̂̂́ɪɪj-āa, mɪ̂́ɪɪj-ɪ̀ dâa ɟɪ̀ɪ mɔ̂́ -tɔ̂ ɔk ‘There are people who are absent.’ mɔ̀ ɔk møøg noun, singular mɔ̀ ɔɔk-āa, mɔ̀ ɔɔŋ mɔ̂ ɔw mɔ̂̂́ k møw møg noun, singular pronoun mɔ̂̂́ ɔɔw-āa, mɔ̂́ ɔɔẁ mɔ̀ kɔ mɛ̂́ - møgø me- noun, singular prefix mɛ̂ ɛɛɲ meeny mɛ̂́ j mɛ̂̂́ n mey men transitive, long with grade low fall class noun, singular pronoun mɔ̀ k-āa, mɔ̀ ŋɪ̀ e.g. djêl mɛ̂́ -t̪ɪn̪̂́̂ ‘a small goat’; kāa ʊ̀ -t̪ʌ̀ʌʌt-ɔ̀ kɪ̂́ àkɛ̌ ɛlɔ̂́ mɛ̂́ -cāaam mɔ̀ ɔk ‘then she cooked akelo to be eaten with the eel’; dâa jāat̪ mɛ̂́ -bǎa t̪ʌ̌ʌʌ ‘There is a tree that is a desert date.’ á-mɛ̂̂́ ɛɲ, á-mɛ̂ ɛɛɲ-à, ámɛ̂ ɛɛɲ, ʊ̀ -mɛ̂ ɛɛɲɔ̀ mɛ̂́ j-āa, mɛ̂́ j-ɪ̀ mɛ̂ t mɪ̂ɪɪn med miin adjective transitive mìɪɪn-ɔ̀ móook̀ minø mögg noun, singular noun, plural mûn-ɔ̀ mùul-ɪ̂́ mǔuuc munø mulí muuj noun, singular intransitive transitive, long high fall class ʊ̀ -mɛ̂ t-ɔ̀ á-mɪ̂̂́ɪn, á-mɪ̂ɪɪn-à, á-mɪ̂ɪɪn, ʊ̀ mɪ̂ɪɪn-ɔ̀ mɪ̀ɪn-āa, mɪ̀ɪn-ɪ̀ mōok-áa, mốok-ɪ̀ Remijsen & Ayoker hundreds hundred prefix on noun attributes, in particular adjectives and verb forms. Marked for agreement with a plural noun (cmp. mɛ̂́ ). freshwater rattail, sc. gymnarchus niloticus oil ‘those ones’, plural demonstrative independent pronoun alcoholic beverage (generic term) prefix on noun attributes, in particular adjectives and verb forms. Marked for agreement with a singular noun (cmp. mɔ̂́ -). illuminate (a location) mother ‘that one’, singular demonstrative independent pronoun sweet pierce heart freshwater rattails, sc. gymnarchus niloticus mûn-āa, mûn-ɪ̀ á-mùul-ɪ̀, ʊ̂́ -mùul-ɔ̀ á-mûuuc, á-mǔuuc-á, ámǔuuc, ʊ̀ -mû̂́ uu-ɔ̄ ; lʊ̀ ʊt̪ áméek-ɪ̀ cʊ̄ ʊl ‘Somebody 19 neck crawl give something (away); this verb only appears in centrifugal forms, conveying the path of the patient, away from the Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 gave the stick away to Chol.’ mʌ̂́ ʌn mʌ̂ ʌt̪ mʌ̂ ʌʌl männ mädh määl noun, plural noun, singular transitve, short-withgrade fall class mʌ̂́ ʌn-áa, mʌ̂́ ʌn-ɪ̀ mʌ̂̂́ ʌʌt̪-āa, mʌ̂́ ʌʌǹ̪ á-mʌ̂̂́ l, á-mʌ̂ ʌʌl, ʊ̀ -mʌ̂ ʌʌl-ɔ̀ mʌ̀ ʌʌt̪ määdh adverb mʌ̀ ʌʌt̪ määdh transitive, long mid class mʌ̂̂́ ʌʌt̪ mwɔ̀ ɔɔn mädhh mwøøn ɲâaam nyaam nâam ɲâaŋ něeen nèeŋ-ɪ̂́ nam nyang nëën nengi noun, plural transitive, with grade high fall class transitive, short-withgrade fall class noun, singular noun, singular intransitive transitive, long with grade high fall class jāat̪ á-ŋɔ̂̂́ l mʌ̀ ʌʌt̪ ‘Somebody has cut wood slowly.’ á-mʌ̂̂́ ʌt̪ , á-mʌ̀ ʌʌt̪-à, á-mʌ̀ ʌʌt̪, ʊ̀ -mʌ̂ ʌʌt̪-ɔ̀ mʌ̂́ ʌt̪-áa, mʌ̂́ ʌt̪-ɪ̀ á-mwɔ̂̂́ n, á-mwɔ̀ ɔɔn, ʊ̀ mwɔ̂̂́ ɔɔn-ɔ̄ á-ɲấm, á-ɲâaam, ʊ̀ -ɲâaam-ɔ nɛ̄ ɛn-ɪ̂́ nëën nɛ̄ ɛn-ɪ̂́ není nɛ̄ n-ɪ̂́ nenní transitive (inflections as in iterative/pluractional) transitive, class not determinable intransitive, with inceptive forms nấaam-āa, náaam̀ ɲấaaŋ-āa, ɲáaaŋ̀ á-nèeen, ʊ̀ -nèeenɔ̀ á-nêeŋ-ɪ̀, á-nèeŋ-á, á-nèeŋ-ɪ̂́, á-nèeŋ-ɔ̀ á-nɛ̂́ ɛn-ɪ̀, á-nɛ̄ ɛn-á, á-nɛ̄ ɛn-ɪ̂́, ʊ̀ -nɛ̂ ɛn-ɔ̀ á-nɛ̂́ ɛn-ɪ̀, á-nɛ̄ ɛn-á, á-nɛ̄ ɛn-ɪ̂́, ʊ̀ -nɛ̂ ɛn-ɔ á-nɪ̂ɪn (past contin.), ʊ̀ -nɪ̂̂́ɪɪn-ɔ̄ (pres. contin.), 20 Remijsen & Ayoker agent; the internal argument is the patient, i.e., the item given. The beneficiary of this verb is irregular: áméek-ɪ̀. See also nèeŋ-ɪ̂́, t̪òoot̪ women friend roast (food item is directly on the burning material) – re. food item that does not need serious cooking, such as corn. See also: bùl slowly greet friends smear (re. house) chew river crocodile look, watch give to somebody; the internal argument is the beneficiary, and the verb is only used with benefactive inflections; a patient needs to be expressed as an external argument (introduced by kɪ̂́). See also mǔuuc, t̪òoot̪ look (durative aspect) look at (with intent); this verb is morphologically iterative sleep; the completive forms can be translated as ‘being asleep’ Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 nɪ̀ nì particle ɲɪ̄ɪɪr nyiir noun, singular ɲɪ̂́ɪk ɲɪ̂́kāaaŋɔ̄ ɲɪ̂́ŋ nyig Nyikango nying noun, plural personal noun noun, plural nû̂́ t nud existential predicate nǔut nuud auxiliary nūtíi nuti negation marker ɲʊ̀ ʊʊt̪ nyooth n̪ û̂́ uut̪̄ nhuudh transitive, long with grade high fall class noun, plural ɲâaak nyaag ɲwɔ̄ ɔl nʌ̀ ʌʌj, nʌ̂ j nʌ̂ ʌʌj-ɔ̀ á-nɛ̀ n-ɪ̀ (past compl.), ʊ̀ -nɛ̂̂́ n-ɔ̄ (pres. compl.) nɪ̀-mɛ̂̂́ n ‘like this one’; ʊ̂́ gɔ̂́ n̪ánɪ̂́ nɪ̀-àa [nàa] ʊ̂́ gɔ̂̂́ t̪ mɔ̀ ɔw ‘The cloth was like a cloth made black with pol [lit.: a cloth of oil.’ ɲāaar-āa, ɲâaan, ɲâand̪ ấaɟɔ̄ ‘daughter’ ɲɪ̂́ɪk-áa, ɲɪ̂́ɪk-ɪ̀ ɲɪ̂́ŋ-áa, ɲɪ̂́ŋ-ɪ̀, ɲíŋ-ɪ̀ bʊ̄ ʊl ‘Bol’s name’ wíij-ɪ̂́ɪ nû̂́ t ‘Your father is (still) alive.’ já nǔut já ʊ̀ -cʌ̀ ʌʌm-ɔ̀ ‘I am still eating.’ jāat nūtíi ŋɔ̀ l ɪ̀ Bʊ̄ ʊl ‘Bol did not cut the wood’;dɛ̄ ɛŋ nūtíi mʌ̂̂́ ʌt̪ ɪ̀ Bʊ̄ ʊl ‘Bol did not greet Deng.’ á-ɲʊ̂̂́ ʊt̪, á-ɲʊ̀ ʊʊt̪, ʊ̀ -ɲʊ̂̂́ ʊʊt̪-ɔ̄ n̪ úut̪-áa, n̪ úut̪-ɪ̀ nywøl transitive, short with grade low fall class noun, plural á-ɲấk, á-ɲâaak-à, á-ɲâaak, ʊ̀ -ɲâaak-ɔ̀ ɲwɔ̄ ɔl-áa, ɲwɔ̄ ɔl-ɪ̀ nääy nääyø noun, plural noun, singular nʌ̀ ʌj-áa, nʌ̀ ʌj-ɪ̀ nʌ̂̂́ ʌj-āa, nʌ̂́ ʌj̀ 21 Remijsen & Ayoker similar to, like, be like child children name; the founder of the Shilluk nation eyes, name be present, be alive still …; syntactically, this auxiliary appears as the first constituent of a serial verb; i.e., both the auxiliary and the lexical verb are preceded by agreement markers marks negation in the past (no distinction between evidential and nonevidential), followed by infinitive verb form show cow dung, dried and broken down to powder fight fruit (of tree), offspring (of animals or of people) maternal uncles (=mother’s brothers) maternal uncle (=mother’s brother) Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 nʌ̀ ʌʌk nääk ŋâaap ngaab ŋāam-ɪ̂́ ŋamí transitve, short-withgrade low class transitive, long with grade low fall class intransitive, motion ŋàan ngan noun, singular ŋɔ̀ l ngøl ŋèeet-ɔ̀ ŋēet ŋɛr ŋɛ̀ t ngëëdø ngëd nger nged transitive, fixed-short low class noun, singular noun, plural ŋɪ̀c ngij ŋíc-ɪ̄ɪ ngïji ŋjēeɲ ŋjèeeɲ-ɔ ŋǒoom òr ngyëny ngyënyø ngööm ör pāa pàaal pâaal-ɔ̀ pǎaar-ɔ̂́ páac pâac páak Remijsen & Ayoker á-nʌ̂̂́ k, á-nʌ̀ ʌʌk, ʊ̀ -nʌ̀ ʌʌk-ɔ̀ kill á-ŋấap, á-ŋâaap-à, á-ŋâaap, ʊ̀ -ŋâaap-ɔ̀ á-ŋàam-ɪ̀ (past), ʊ̂́ -ŋàam-ɔ (pres.) ŋɛ̂ t-āa, ŋâaan, ŋàan-dwốŋ ‘adult’ á-ŋɔ̂̂́ l, á-ŋɔ̀ l, ʊ̀ -ŋɔ̀ l-ɔ̀ hang ŋèet-āa, ŋèen-ɪ̀ ŋēet-áa, ŋēet-ɪ̀ yawn person, but only in construct state – see also d̪ ấaan̪ ɔ̀ cut transitive, fixed short low class transitive, fixed short low class noun, singular á-ŋɛ̂̂́ t, á-ŋɛ̀ t, ʊ̀ -ŋɛ̀ t-ɔ̄ rib ribs make incisions swim (a body of water) á-ŋɪ̂̂́c, á-ŋɪ̀c-á, á-ŋɪ̀c, ʊ̀ -ŋɪ̀c-ɔ̀ recognise ŋjēeɲ-áa, ŋjēeɲ-ɪ̀ ŋjèeɲ-āa, ŋjèeɲ-ɪ̀ ŋòom-āa, ŋòom-ɪ̀ á-ốr, á-òr, ʊ̀ -òr-ɔ̀ pa noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular transitive, fixed-short low class negation sign, marker, symbol; instrument noun derived from transitive ŋɪ̀c ‘recognise’. See also -ɪ̄ɪ money money (singulative); metal awl send pall palø paarø paj pac pag noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural jāat pāa ŋɔ̂̂́ l ɪ̀ Bʊ̄ ʊl ‘Bol is not cutting wood.’; dɛ̄ ɛŋ pāa mʌ̂̂́ ʌt̪ ɪ̀ Bʊ̄ ʊl ‘Bol is not greeting Deng.’ pàl-áa, pàl-ɪ̀ pấl-āa, pâl-ɪ̀ pāar-āa, pâr-ɪ̀ páac-áa, páac-ɪ̀ pāaar-āa, pâaan páak-áa, páak-ɪ̀ 22 marks negation in the present; the verb stem is in the same form as in basic past tense knives knife small mat used for covering food amniotic fluid village clan name Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 pàaak paag transitive verb, long with grade high fall class noun, singular intransitive á-pấak, á-pàaak-à, á-pàaak, ʊ̀ -pấaak-ɔ̄ pấaal-āa, páaal̀ á-pêek-ɪ̀, ʊ̀ -pêek-ɔ̀ pâal pèekɪ̂́ pal pëki pɛ̂ ɛɛt̪ peedh transitive verb, long with grade low fall class pɛ̂̂́ ɛk pîii pîn pìiin-ɔ̀ pɪ̂́ɲ peg pï pïn pïnø piny adjective noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular á-pɛ̂̂́ ɛt̪, á-pɛ̂ ɛɛt̪-à, á-pɛ̂ ɛɛt̪, ʊ̀ pɛ̂ ɛɛt̪-ɔ̀ , á-péet̪-ɪ̀ (past benef.) pɛ̂́ ɛɛk̀ pík-áa, pík-ɪ̀ pîn-áa, pîn-ɪ̀ pìin-āa, pìin-ɪ̀ pɪ̂̂́ɲ-āa, píɲ̀ , píɲ bǎa bôoorɔ̀ ‘It was evening.’ pɪ̀ɲ pìt pìny pïd pît pjʌ̄ ʌr pjʌ̀ ʌʌr-ɔ̀ pjèeec pïd pyär pyärø pyëëj pjɛ̂ ɛɛt pyeed pjēn pyën noun, plural transitive (causative derivation), fixed short / high fall intransitive noun, plural noun, singular transitive, short with grade high fall class transitive, long with grade low fall class noun, singular pếen-ɪ̄ pốoot̪ pôoot̪-ɔ̀ pǔk pû̂́ k-ɪ̄ pënni pöödh pöödhø pug pugi noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural á-pî̂́t, á-pìt, ʊ̀ -pî̂́t-ɔ̄ Remijsen & Ayoker address somebody using clan name spoon settle, sit down; refers to an inceptive event, as opposed to běeet spread out heavy water cheeks cheek earth, ground, floor, land, time. Also used to convey orientation land parcels wear out, make tired á-pît, ʊ̀ -pît-ɔ̀ pjʌ̄ ʌr-áa, pjʌ̄ ʌʌr-ɪ̀ pjʌ̀ ʌr-áa, pjʌ̀ ʌr-ɪ̀ á-pjếc, á-pjèeec-à, ʊ̀ -pjếeecɔ̄ ápjɛ̂̂́ ɛt, á-pjɛ̂ ɛɛt-à, ʊ̀ -pjɛ̂ ɛɛtɔ̀ , á-péet-ɪ̀ (benefactive) pjēeen-āa, pjēeeǹ become tired tens ten ask; the internal argument is the addressee of the question scratch (something) péen-áa, péen-ɪ̀ póot̪-áa, póot-ɪ̀ pôot̪-āa, pôon̪ -ɪ̀ pùk-āa, pùŋ-ɪ̀ púk-áa, púk-ɪ̀ animal hides territories territory pot (for storage) pots (for storage) 23 animal hide, in general; also used to refer to a hide that is used as mat on which people sleep or sit; cmp. lǎaawɔ̂́ Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 pʌ̂̂́ r pär adjective pʌ̂̂́ t pʌ̌ ʌʌt̪ pwòooc päd päädh pwööc pwòoot pwööd pwǒoot̪-ɔ̂́ pwōt̪ ràaaŋ pwödhø pwödh raang rɔ̀ m røm rɔ̂ m-ɪ̂́ røm rěeeɟ-ɔ̂́ rɛ̄ ŋ-ɪ̂́ rëëjø rɛngí noun, plural intransitive, motion transitive, with grade high fall class transitive, short with grade high fall class noun, singular noun, plural transitive, short with grade low class transitive, fixed short low class transitive, fixed short fall, based on iterative derivation of intransitive rum ‘think’ noun, singular intransitive, motion, with inceptive forms rɛ̀ p reb rɪ̂́ ri transitive, fixed short low class prefix Remijsen & Ayoker pʌ̄ ʌʌr, gîk pʌr ‘They are the same.’ pʌ̂́ t-áa, pʌ̂́ t-ɪ̀ á-pʌ̂ ʌʌt̪ , ʊ̂́ -pʌ̂ ʌʌt̪ -ɔ̀ á-pwốc, á-pwòooc, ʊ̂́ pwốooc-ɔ̄ á-pwốt, á-pwòoot-à, ápwòoot, ʊ̀ -pwốoot-ɔ̄ pwòot̪-āa, pwòon̪ -ì pwōt̪-áa, pwōt̪-ɪ̀ á-rấŋ, á-ràaaŋ-á, á-ràaaŋ, ʊ̀ ràaaŋ-ɔ̀ á-rɔ̂̂́ m, á-rɔ̀ m, ʊ̀ -rɔ̀ m-ɔ̀ same, identical á-rɔ̂́ mɪ̀, á-rɔ̄ m-á, ʊ̀ -rɔ̂ m-ɔ̀ think about rèeɟ-āa, rêeɲɪ̀ á-rìiŋ-ɪ̀ (past contin.), ʊ̂́ -rìiŋ-ɔ (pres. contin.), á-rɛ̂̂́ ŋ-ɪ̀ (past incept.), ʊ̂́ -rɛ̂̂́ ŋ-ɔ (pres. incept.), árɛ̂́ ŋɪ̀ (past centrifugal), áríŋ-ɪ̀ (past centripetal) á-rɛ̂̂́ p, á-rɛ̀ p-á, á-rɛ̀ p, ʊ̀ -rɛ̀ pɔ̀ gìn-ánɪ̂́, rɪ̂́-gɔ̀ kùm-ɛ̀ kɪ̂́ ʊ̂́ gɔ̂̂́ t̪ ‘The thing had (apparently) covered itself with a cloth.’; rjá á-wîit-ɪ̀ gɛ̂́ wàajɔ̀ ‘They scattered digested grass [from the stomach of a slaughtered goat] (over me) for my own benefit.’ fish (singular) run 24 spoons fall shake (re. milk) hit repeatedly; cf.gɔ̀ ɔɔc field fields inspect weigh add together, combine prefix, attaching to noun or pronoun, conveying reflexive, or somehow scoperestricting. Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 rɪ̂́c rôoorɔ rùm rij rörø rum rɪ̂́c-áa, rɪ̂́c-ɪ̀ rum noun, plural noun, singular transitive, fixed short low class intransitive rǔm rǔm rûun rû̂́ un rʌ̂́ ʌʌŋ-ɪ̄ɪ rum run runn räängi intransitive noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular á-rùm, ʊ̀ -rùm-ɔ̀ rūun-āa, rûun-ɪ̀ rúun-áa, rúunɪ̀ rʌ̄ t̪ rʌ̂̂́ ʌn̪ -ɪ̄ tāanɔ târ t̪áw tík tîk tɔ̂ ɔk rädh ränhi tanø tar thaw tïg tïg tøøk noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular adjective noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural adjective rʌ̄ ʌʌt̪-āa, rʌ̄ ʌʌǹ̪ rʌ̂́ ʌn̪ -áa, rʌ̂́ ʌn̪ -ɪ̀ t̪ɔ̂́ɔl tɔ̂́ ŋ tɔ̂ ŋ tèeel tɛ̂ ɛɛŋ thøl tøng tøng tëël teeng noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural noun, plural transitive, long low fall class ʊ̀ -tàaar-ɔ̀ t̪ấaar-āa, t̪áaaẁ tî̂́k-āa, tíŋ̀ tîk-áa, tîk-ì bʊ̄ ʊl tɔ̂ ɔk ‘Bol is away’; bʊ̄ ʊl nǔut ɛ̂́ tɔ̂ ɔk ‘Bol is still away.’ t̪ɔ̂̂́ɔɔl-āa, t̪ɔ̂̈ɔɔl̀ tɔ̂̂́ ɔɔŋ-āa, tɔ̂́ ɔɔŋ̀ tɔ̂ ŋ-áa, tɔ̂ ŋ-ɪ̀ têel-áa, têel-ɪ̀ á-tɛ̂̂́ ɛŋ, á-tɛ̂ ɛɛŋ-à, á-tɛ̂ ɛɛŋ-à, ʊ̀ -tɛ̂ ɛɛŋ-ɔ̀ t̪âaal thaal t̪āal t̪ɪ̂́ɪn̪ ̂ thal thinh transitive, long low fall class noun, singular adjective á-t̪âal, á-t̪âaal-à, á-t̪âaal, ʊ̀ t̪âaal-ɔ̀ t̪āaal-āa, t̪āaal̀ t̪ɪ̂́ɪɪǹ̪ , t̪ɔ̀n̪-ɔ̀ á-rû̂́ m, á-rùm, ʊ̀ -rùm-ɔ̀ á-rûm, ʊ̂́ -rûm-ɔ̀ 25 Remijsen & Ayoker fish (plural) anthill (initial /r/ can be dropped) turn upside down complete, be completed – subject can be either agent or undergoer, without morphological change think year years mirror; instrument noun derived from transitive ràaaŋ ‘inspect’. See also -ɪ̄ɪ deity (deceased king), king deities (deceased kings), kings roof white buttocks chin chins absent (no non-permanent form) rope spear spears elbows dust; specifically in the sense of taking the dust off by beating it; internal argument is patient (e.g. table, cloth); instrument could be cloth as well. cook cooking (agentive nominalisation) small Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 transitive, fixed-short low class noun, plural noun, singular adverb transitive, long low class á-t̪î̂́k, á-t̪ìk, ʊ̀ -t̪ìk-ɔ transitive, fixed short low class transitive, long with grade high fall class noun, singular noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular ̂́ á-tìŋ-á, á-tìŋ, ʊ̀ -tìŋɔ̀ , á-tîŋ, noun, plural noun, singular intransitive tjéeŋ-āa, tjéeeŋ̀ , tjéeŋ kàl ‘the people of the compound’ tjếeel-āa, tjéeel̀ á-t̪ùmɪ̀, ʊ̂́ -t̪ùmɔ̀ tung tung tuul noun, plural noun, singular intransitive, motion tùŋ-áa, tùŋ-ɪ̀ tû̂́ uuŋ-āa, túuuŋ̀ á-tû̂́ uul, ʊ̂́ -tû̂́ uul-ɔ̀ tungø noun, singular tû̂́ uŋ-āa, túuŋ-ɪ̀ t̪ìk thïg t̪īk t̪ìkɔ t̪jɛ̂ ɛw t̪òoot̪ thïg thïgø thjew thöödh tìŋ tïng tjàaam tyaam t̪jāaaŋɔ̂́ t̪jāaŋ tjɛ̄ ɛl tjɛ̀ ɛɛl-ɔ̀ tjèeek tjéeŋ thyangø thyang tyel tyelø tyëëg tyëng tjél t̪ùmɪ̂́ tyël thumi tùŋ tûuŋ tǔuul tû̂́ uuŋɔ̄ á-t̪ốot̪, á-t̪òoot̪-á, á-t̪òoot̪, ʊ̀ t̪òoot̪-ɔ̀ , á-t̪ôot̪-ɪ̀ (past benefactive) á-tjấam, á-tjàaam, ʊ̀ -tjấaamɔ̄ t̪jāaŋ-āa, t̪jāaŋ-ɪ̀ t̪jāaŋ-áa, t̪jāan-ɪ̀ tjɛ̄ ɛl-áa, tjɛ̄ ɛl-ɪ̀ tjɛ̀ ɛl-āa, tjɛ̀ ɛlɪ̀ 26 Remijsen & Ayoker repair doors door also take (using hand). The benefactive expresses the meaning of ‘give’. The semantics are different from mǔuuc, in that it does not imply a transfer of ownership. The tone on the stem syllable in the benefactive is unexpected: Fall rather than High, even though the verb does a member of the High Fall class. See also mǔuuc, nèeŋ-ɪ̂́ lift up defeat stalk stalks feet foot finish consuming people; this noun stem only appears in modified forms. See also ɟɪ̀ɪ elbow run out, finish, perish (i.e., unaccusative intransitive; compare w. rǔm, which has an antipassive meaning) horns horn rise up (re. sun), become famous (re. people) border, also place name (Tonga) Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 á-t̪ʌ̂̂́ʌn̪ , á-t̪ʌ̀ʌʌn̪ -à, á-t̪ʌ̀ʌʌn̪ , ʊ̀ -t̪ʌ̂̂́ʌʌn̪ -ɔ̄ thäänhi transitive, long high fall class noun, singular t̪ʌ̂ŋ t̪ʌ̌ʌʌ thäng thää noun, plural noun, singular t̪ʌ̄ŋ-áa, t̪ʌ̂ŋ-ɪ̀ t̪ʌ̀ʌw-āa, t̪ʌ̂ʌwɪ̀ t̪ʌ̀ʌʌŋ-ɔ̀ t̪ʌ̂ʌʌw thâ̈̂̈ngø thääw noun, singular noun, plural t̪ʌ̀ʌŋ-āa, t̪ʌ̀ʌŋ-ɪ̀ ʊ̀ o conjunction ʊ̂́ ʊ̂́ - ó[stem] ó[stem] prefix (nouns) prefix (verbs) ácàaarɔ […] bǎa pâac mɛ̂́ dwɔ̂̂́ ŋ ʊ̀ bǎa pâac mɛ̂́ -dɔ̂́ ɔɔc̀ ‘Acaar is a big village and [it is] a good village.’ ʊ̂́ -kɛ̀ ɛɛc ‘bitterness’ ʊ̀ - o[stem] prefix (verbs) TO BE ADDED ʊ̀ -/ʊ̂́ - o[stem] / ó[stem] prefix (verbs) ʊ̀ bɛ̀ ɛc obej noun, singular ʊ̀ -càaam-ɔ̀ ‘IMPERF-eat’, ʊ̀ bû̂́ t-ɔ̄ ‘IMPERF-be lying down’ (contin.), ʊ̂́ -bût-ɔ̀ ‘IMPERF-lie down’ (incept.) ʊ̀ bɛ̀ ɛɛc-āa, ʊ̀ bɛ̀ ɛɛɲ ʊ̂́ gīik ʊ̂́ gɔ̂̂́ t̪ ógïg ógødh noun, singular noun, singular t̪ʌ̀ʌʌn̪ thäänh t̪ʌ̂́ʌʌn̪ -ɪ̄ɪ Remijsen & Ayoker rest or lean something pillow; instrument noun derived from transitive t̪ʌʌʌn̪ ‘rest’. See also -ɪ̄ɪ sides of the face desert date tree, desert date fruit; Arabic: heglig, sc. Balanites aegyptica side of the face desert date trees, desert date fruits; Arabic: heglig, sc. Balanites aegyptica conjoins clauses (not noun phrases) nominalisation from adjective base marks future tense; follows a clauseinitial internal argument marks conditional; clause-initial in 01_INTR_come_PAST_COMMA_eat_COND &3SG_porridge_S_01; not clause-initial, separated by object, in 01_INTR_come_PAST_COMMA_eat_COND &1SG_porridge_S_01. marks imperfective; this prefix is Lowtoned, unless the the verb is intransitive and involves motion, as in the inceptive verb ‘lie down’ in the example. a tall hollow reed plant; it grows in the water and it has a hollow stem buffalo cloth Okuro: is opened on top like adalo but it has no neck. If okuro is divided into two; one half is a lwol. 27 Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Remijsen & Ayoker ʊ̀ gwɔ̀ ɔɔr-ɔ̀ ogwørø noun, singular ʊ̀ -gwɔ̀ ɔr-āa, ʊ̀ gwɔ̀ ɔr-ɪ̀ heron ʊ̂́ jwàak ʊ̂́ jwʌ̂ k-ɪ̀ ʊ̂́ -cốoolɔ̀ ʊ̂́ -ɟʌ̂̂́ ʌʌŋɔ̀ ʊ̂́ kít óywag óywäggi ócölø ójängø ókïd noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, singular noun, singular ʊ̂́ jwàaak-āa, ʊ̂́ jwàaaŋ ʊ̂́ jwʌ̄ k-áa, ʊ̂́ jwʌ̂ k-ɪ̀ ʊ̂́ kūur ókur noun, plural ʊ̂́ kūur-áa, ʊ̂́ kūurɪ̀ ʊ̂́ kùuurɔ̀ ókurø noun, singular ʊ̂́ kùur-āa, ʊ̂́ kùurɪ̀ ʊ̂́ māaarɔ̄ ómarø noun, singular? wá wa pronoun -wāa wa pronoun wàaac waaj wàajɔ̀ wâc wāŋ wāaŋ wayø waj wang wang transitive, short-withgrade low class noun, plural adjective noun, singular noun, singular crane cranes Shilluk male; derived from adjective cɔ̂̂́ lɔ̀ Dinka male; derived from adjective dough (for making alcoholic beverage, cmpx. àwâac) plural of a particular kind of gourd; round, with a small opening on top, no neck; half of it is a lwɔ̂ ɔl particular kind of gourd; round, with a small opening on top, no neck; half of it is a lwɔ̂ ɔl green; this is a nominalisation, i.e., the color green, derived from the adjective mâr personal pronoun, 1st plural inclusive, when used preverbally personal pronoun, 1st plural inclusive, when used postverbally bleach (using water) wâaaŋ-ɔ̀ wàaaŋ wɔ̂́ ŋ wɔ̀ ɔŋ wɔ̀ ɔɔr waangø waang wøng wøng wøør noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural transitive, long with grade high fall class ʊ̂́ -kít wá á-bìi wá ʊ̂́ -rìiŋɔ̀ ‘We came running.’ á-wấc, á-wàaac, ʊ̀ -wàaac-ɔ wàaj-áa, wàajɪ̀ ʊ̀ -wâaac-ɔ̀ wāaaŋ-āa, wāaaŋ̀ wâaaŋ (demonstrative; there are no possessed forms) wāaaŋ-áa, wáŋ-ɪ̀ wāŋ-áa, wâŋ-ɪ̀ wɔ̂̂́ ŋ-āa, wɔ̂́ ŋ-ɪ̀ wɔ̄ ŋ-áa, wɔ̀ ŋ-ɪ̀ áwɔ̂̂́ ɔr, á-wɔ̀ ɔɔr, ʊ̀ -wɔ̂̂́ ɔɔr-ɔ̄ 28 grass in animal’s stomach sour eye time, year caregiver grandmother caregiver grandmothers biological grandmother biological grandmothers respect Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 wɔ̀ l-ɪ̂́ -wɔ̂́ n wølí [stem] wøn intransitive suffix (nouns) á-wɔ̀ l, ʊ̂́ -wɔ̀ l-ɔ̀ gʌ̀ ʌʌt-wɔ̂́ n ‘our (exclusive) river bank’, càaak-wɔ̂́ n ‘our (exclusive) milk’ wēeek-áa, wèek-ɪ̀ wêel-áa, wêel-ɪ̀ wếel-āa, wéel-ɪ̀ wéet̪-áa, wéet̪-ɪ̀ wèeek wèeel wếel-ɔ̀ wếeet̪̄ wëëg wëël wëlø wëdhh noun, plural noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural wɛ̂́ ɛl wɛ̄ ɛl wél wel wɛ̂́ ɛl-áa, wɛ̂́ ɛl-ɪ̀ wɛ̄ ɛl-āa, wɛ̂́ ɛl-ɪ̀ wéet̪ wɪ̀ɪɪt wëdh weti noun, plural noun, singular (agentive deverbal event noun, derived from {wɛɛl} ‘travel’) noun, singular transitive, long high fall class wīc wɪ̄c dâa akjɛ̀ l wïj wïdakyel noun, singular fixed expression wʌ̂ t-ɪ̂́-gɛ̂́ n dâa ákjɛ̂̂́ lɪ̄ wädakyeli fixed expression wīc-āa, wîɲ pjàaarɔ̀ wɪ̄c dâa akjɛ̀ l ‘eleven’, pjàaarɔ̀ wɪ̄c dâa ákjɛ̀ ɛɛl-āa ‘my eleven’, pjàaarɔ̀ wɪ̄c dâa ákjɛ̀ ɛɛl ‘these eleven’, pjʌ̄ ʌr wʌ̂ t-ɪ̂́-gɛ̂́ ŋ dâa ákjɛ̂̂́ l-ɪ̄ ‘eleven’, pjʌ̄ ʌr-áa wʌ̂ t-ɪ̂́-gɛ̂́ n dâa ákjɛ̂̂́ l-ɪ̄ ‘my eleven’, wếeet̪-āa, wéeeǹ̪ á-wɪ̂̂́ɪt, á-wèeet-à, á-wèeet, á-wếeet-ɔ̄ , a-wɛ̂̂́ tɪ̀ (interat. [single-action]), á-wîit-ɪ̀ [benef.], rjá á-wîit-ɪ̀ gɛ̂́ wàajɔ̀ ‘They scattered digested grass [from the stomach of a slaughtered goat] for my benefit.’ 29 Remijsen & Ayoker cough marks possession by a 1st person plural exclusive entity on singular and on plural nouns. fathers guests guest immigrants (people living in the community who are originally from elsewhere) straw trip immigrant throw (mass); the internal argument is a mass noun scatters upon release, such as water or sand. The basic forms refer to a repeated action, and the inflection that expresses iterative meaning for most verbs conveys a single action for this verb, as in the ritual blessing in the example. See also bʌ̂ ʌʌl, lɛ̀ ɛɛŋ, kèeel. The benefactive conveys a meaning of blessing, as in the example. head ‘and one’; it is used when a number higher than 10 is followed by a one unit, as in e.g. 11, 21, 61; it literally means: ‘on top [the head] there is one’ ‘and ones’; it is used when sets higher than 10 is followed by a one unit, as in Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 Remijsen & Ayoker pjʌ̄ ʌr-ɪ̀ wʌ̂ t-ɪ̂́-gɛ̂́ n dâa ákjɛ̂̂́ l-ɪ̄ ‘these eleven’, á-wɪ̂̂́ɪl, á-wɪ̀ɪɪl, ʊ̀ -wɪ̂ɪɪl-ɔ̀ e.g. 11, 21, 61; it literally means: ‘on top [the heads] there are ones’. change (something) wíij-āa, wíij-ɪ̀ father respect message marks possession by a 2nd person plural entity on singular and on plural nouns. wɪ̀ɪɪl wil wíij wốoot-ɔ̀ wốoot-ɔ̄ -wún wïy wuödø wöödø [stem] wun transitive, long high-fall class noun, singular noun, singular noun, singular suffix (nouns) wût wú udd wu noun, plural pronoun wún wun pronoun wʌ̄ ʌc wʌ̀ ʌɲ-ɔ̀ wʌ̄ r wʌ̂ t wʌ̂̂́ ʌʌt wʌ̀ t̪-ɪ̂́ wäj wänyø wär wäd wädd wädhí noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural noun, singular noun, plural intransitive cốol-à ɪ̀ɪ tjéeŋ gɔ̂́ l jâaa ɟàaalwún ‘the clan of your husband’s group shall pay.’ (here 2nd pl. is used to refer to 2nd sg.) wʌ̄ ʌc-áa, wʌ̄ ʌc-ɪ̀ wʌ̀ ʌɲ-āa, wʌ̀ ʌɲ-ɪ̀ wʌ̄ r-áa, wʌ̄ r-ɪ̀ wʌ̂̂́ ʌʌt-āa, wʌ̂́ ʌʌǹ wʌ̂́ ʌt-áa, wʌ̂́ ʌt-ɪ̀ á-wʌ̀ t̪ɪ̀, ʊ̂́ -wʌ̀ t̪ɔ̀ wʌ̀ ʌr wʌ̂̂́ ʌr wʌ̂̂́ ʌʌr̄ wʌ̀ ʌʌt̪ wʌ̂ ʌʌt̪ wär wär wäär wäädh wääth noun, singular noun, singular noun, plural noun, plural noun, plural wʌ̀ ʌʌr-āa, wʌ̀ ʌʌr wʌ̂̂́ ʌʌr-āa, wʌ̂́ ʌʌr̀ wʌ̂́ ʌr-áa, wʌ̂́ ʌr-ɪ̀ wʌ̀ t̪-áa, wʌ̀ t̪-ɪ̀ wʌ̂ t̪-áa, wʌ̂ t̪-ɪ̀ wốon-āa, wóonɪ̀ gʌ̀ ʌʌt-wún ‘your (pl.) river bank’, càaak-wún ‘your (pl.) milk’ wúu cjêew? ‘Good morning’ 30 houses, thukuls (see also ɔ̂̂́ ɔt) pronoun 2nd plural, when used before the verb; also used to address a single person with politeness, as in the example, which is also used to address a single person; see also wún pronoun 2nd plural, when used following the verb, or as a possessor; also used to address a single person with politeness, as in the example, which is also used to address a single person; see also wú letters letter excrement son sons reach (the argument is the destination; this verb is inherently centrifugal / spatial; centripetal: á-wʌ̀ n̪ɪ̀) coward night nights bulls heads Shilluk Lexicography materials – preliminary version July 2015 31 Remijsen & Ayoker

Lexicographic data (MS Word)

Related documents

Products

Support

Lexicographic data (MS Word)

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

Add this document to saved

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib