AP Biology Final Study Guide
Plants: Chapters: 29.1, 29.3, 30.1, 30.3-4, 35.1-2, 36.1-4, 38.1, 39.2-3
Characteristics of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
Phototropism details and experiments
Water potential and transpiration
Pollination vs. fertilization
Ecology: Chapters: 52.1, 51.1-3, 53.1-5, 54.1-4, 55.1-5, 56.1, 56.4
Energetic hypothesis vs. dynamic stability hypothesis
Rule of 10’s
Types of symbiotic relationships (i.e. mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, predator/prey)
Behaviors: sign stimulus, taxis/kinesis, learning, imprinting, etc
Patterns of dispersion
Competitive exclusion principle
Population equations (logistic equation)
Hardy-Weinberg Equations
Invasive species (why are they successful???)
Energy pyramids (be able to explain)
Evolution: Chapters: 22.2, 22.3, 23.1-4, 24.1-2, 24.4, 25.1, 25.3-4, 26.1, 26.3, 26.6
Natural Selection: define and apply
Arrange from most inclusive to least: intrasexual selection, evolution, microevolution, natural selection, sexual selection.
Speciation: Pre and post zygotic barriers to reproduction
What is the general progression of evolution (what event happens first to eventually lead to speciation)
Natural selection directly acts upon________ and indirectly acts upon_________
Know how to read and interpret phylogenetic trees (terms: monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic)
Be able to apply maximum parsimony to find most likely explanation for phylogenetic trees
Biochemistry: Chapters: 3.1-3, 4.1, 5.1-5, 8.1-5
Molarity/mole calculations
Polarity
Properties of water (adhesion, cohesion, specific heat)
pH-know scale and examples of each (how is H+ ion involved?)
role of buffers in body
Enzymes: substrate and enzyme concentration and rates of reaction
Enzyme inhibitors (types)
Exergonic vs. endergonic reactions and Gibbs free energy
Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions
ATP coupling
Protein structure and function
Cell Function: Chapters: 6.2-5, 7.1-5, 11.1-5, 9.1-5, 10.1-3
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes: endosymbiotic theory/evidence
Fluid mosaic model (what are the parts)
Hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions of lipid bilayer
RE-DOX reactions
Photosynthesis: equation, steps, reactants, and products
Cellular respiration: equation, steps, reactants, and products
Steps of cell signaling
Phosphorylation cascades
Practice Free Response
Directions: Question 1 long free-response question that should require about 20 minutes to answer. Read each question
carefully and write your response on a separate piece of paper. Only material written on the piece of paper will be
scored. Answers must be written out. Outline form is not acceptable. It is important that you read each question
completely before you begin to write.
1. Phylogeny reflects the evolutionary history of organisms.
(a) Discuss TWO mechanisms of speciation that lead to the development of separate species from a common ancestor.
(b) Explain THREE methods that have been used to investigate the phylogeny of organisms. Describe a strength or
weakness of each method.
(c) The two phylogenetic trees represent the relationship of whales to six other mammals. All of the organisms shown to
have a pulley-shaped astragalus bone in the ankle except for the whale.
• For each tree, describe a monophyletic group, the closest relative to the whale, and the point at which the
pulley astragalus was lost or gained.
• Based on the principle fo parsimony (the simplest explanation is the best) and the genomic information in the
table shown, identify which tree is the best representation of the evolutionary relationship of these animals, and justify
your answer.