Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants (n=1007)
Men (n=488)
Women (n=519)
Total (n=1007)
Anthropometric
Age (years)
51.11±13.93
49.54±13.51
50.30±13.74
#
Height (cm)
170.18±5.52
158.06±5.70
163.93±8.26
#
Weight (kg)
71.54±10.01
57.82±8.25
64.47±11.43
BMI (kg/m2)
24.61±2.69
23.17±3.21#
23.87±3.05
#
Waist circumference (cm)
84.44±7.07
74.19±8.11
79.18±9.18
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
125.08±12.23
121.01±14.80#
122.99±13.76
#
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
77.58±8.82
72.18±9.80
74.80±9.71
Blood variables
Glucose (mg/dl)
104.33±24.40
95.30±14.66#
99.67±20.47
Hemoglobin A1C (mg/dl)
5.67±0.71
5.67±0.75
5.67±0.73
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
192.47±33.12
190.06±33.14
191.23±33.13
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
153.27±95.90
109.44±67.18#
130.49±85.06
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)
119.79±29.73
120.44±30.65
120.13±30.20
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)
45.66±10.80
53.53±12.25#
49.75±12.22
Number of metabolic syndrome components
0
105 (21.5)
49 (9.4)
154 (15.3)
1
146 (29.9)
198 (38.2)
344 (34.2)
2
117 (24.0)
149 (28.7)
266 (26.4)
3
71 (14.5)
84 (16.2)
155 (15.4)
4
24 (4.9)
25 (4.8)
49 (4.9)
5
13 (2.7)
5 (1.0)
18 (1.8)
Metabolic Syndrome
110 (22.9)
119 (23.1)
229 (22.7)
Data are presented as means ± SD or N (%).
p values for categorical variables were determined from the Student’s t-test for continuous data.
Number of MS components was not equal to actual number of participants with incident metabolic syndrome due to missing data (men: 12; women: 9).
*
p<0.05 vs. men, #p<0.01 vs. men.
p Value
0.359
0.761
0.038
0.001
0.004
0.001
0.013
<0.001
0.46
0.647
<0.001
0.185
0.008
Table 2. Anthropometric and exercise characteristics of men (488) and women (519) according to tertile of BMI
Men (n=488)
Women (n=519)
Low BMI
(17.1 – 23.6
kg/m2)
Middle BMI
(23.7 – 25.7
kg/m2)
High BMI
(25.8 - 34
kg/m2)
162
166
160
Age (years)
51.06±15.49
51.02±13.34
51.24±12.94
Height (cm)
170.48±5.41
170.25±5.66
Weight (kg)
63.13±6.23
71.76±4.66*
21.69±1.54
24.74±0.60
*
77.84±5.29
85.07±3.99
*
121.48±13.04
124.95±10.44
No. of participants
Anthropometric
BMI (kg/m2)
Waist circumference (cm)
Low BMI
(15.9 – 21.4
kg/m2)
Middle BMI
(21.5 – 24
kg/m2)
High BMI
(24.1 – 35.6
kg/m2)
169
179
171
0.989
44.24±12.90
49.21±13.23
55.13±12.22
< 0.001
169.79±5.50
0.524
158.70±5.27
157.74±5.12
157.97±5.29
0.215
79.82±10.19*#
< 0.001
50.41±5.47
56.50±5.32*
66.64±5.49*#
< 0.001
20.05±1.65
22.69±1.61
*
26.73±1.67
*#
< 0.001
*
81.99±4.78
*#
< 0.001
27.44±1.61
*#
90.48±5.16
*#
p Value
< 0.001
< 0.001
67.70±4.77
72.89±4.64
< 0.001
116.78±12.94
119.85±12.57
p Value
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
74.75±9.18
77.90±8.07
103.98±31.10
102.96±20.94
128.87±12.03*#
80.10±8.41
*#
< 0.001
70.09±9.32
71.74±9.06
0.502
92.07±14.66
96.34±14.25*
125.75±12.99*#
74.38±9.35
*#
< 0.001
< 0.001
Blood variables
Glucose (mg/dl)
106.09±19.58
97.38±4.71*
0.003
#
Hemoglobin A1C (mg/dl)
5.67±0.81
5.68±0.63
5.67±0.68
0.990
5.70±0.76
5.76±0.75
5.55±0.78
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
192.21±23.17
194.51±34.51
190.60±32.68
0.563
190.79±34.22
190.01±33.27
189.76±34.34
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
127.91±86.02
145.01±75.52
187.15±133.32
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)
118.96±28.75
122.89±31.55
117.34±28.62
*
*#
49.15±12.33
45.19±10.60
42.65±8.11
*
*#
< 0.001
96.49±64.19
104.67±62.43
0.230
120.15±31.59
122.40±30.72
119.02±31.70
*
50.24±12.24*
< 0.001
57.43±12.20
53.26±11.87
124.59±64.42
0.034
0.961
< 0.001
0.586
< 0.001
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)
No. of participants with incident MS
14 (8.9)
30 (18.4)
66 (41.5)*#
< 0.001
17 (10.1)
31 (17.6)
71 (41.5) *#
< 0.001
Data are presented as means ± SD or N (%).
All men and women participants were divided into three groups according to tertile of Body Mass Index, respectively.
One-way ANOVA was used to compare means of parameters between three groups in men. Post-hoc analysis: Scheffe.
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare means of parameters between three groups after age controlled for women. Post-hoc analysis: Bonferroni.
*
: significantly different between low BMI and middle BMI or significantly different between low BMI and high BMI, p<0.05, 1#: significantly different between middle BMI and high BMI,
p<0.05.
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CRF, Cardiorespiratory fitness.
Table 3. Anthropometric and exercise characteristics of men (488) and women (519) according to tertile of heart rate recovery
Men (n=488)
No. of participants
Women (n=519)
High CRF
(53 – 82 bpm)
163
Moderate CRF
(83 – 93 bpm)
162
Low CRF
(94 – 137 bpm)
163
p Value
High CRF
(65 – 86 bpm)
176
Moderate CRF
(87 – 97 bpm)
169
Low CRF
(98 – 133 bpm)
174
p Value
52.56±14.04
51.49±13.70
49.26±13.95
0.092
54.74±12.95
48.31±13.45*
45.48±12.46*
< 0.001
158.15±8.54
158.14±5.17
158.11±8.90
1.000
Anthropometric
Age (years)
Height (cm)
169.62±5.50
170.16±5.50
170.75±5.54
0.182
Weight (kg)
70.29±8.54
72.53±11.82
71.54±9.31
0.121
56.42±13.68
57.86±8.29
59.18±14.27
0.377
BMI (kg/m2)
24.41±2.50
24.82±2.70
24.61±2.85
0.391
22.62±5.05
23.15±3.06
23.62±5.26
0.362
72.71±12.02
74.08±7.28
75.58±12.52
0.242
Waist circumference (cm)
83.45±6.80
84.90±7.02
84.97±7.31
0.089
125.18±12.38
124.07±11.46
125.99±12.80
0.368
119.69±21.63
119.24±13.13
122.73±22.56
0.347
0.026
72.28±15.25
71.13±9.26
73.74±15.91
0.287
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
*
76.50±8.93
77.19±8.44
79.05±8.93
100.40±16.53
102.20±20.95
110.36±31.99*#
< 0.001
94.17±23.94
94.65±14.51
96.95±24.97
0.601
5.68±0.70
0.982
5.68±1.25
5.61±0.75
5.71±1.29
0.409
182.75±55.09
192.22±33.40
195.47±57.47.
0.136
103.56±105.30
113.94±63.74
107.88±109.82
0.402
125.15±53.01
0.061
Blood variables
Glucose (mg/dl)
Hemoglobin A1C (mg/dl)
5.67±0.68
5.66±0.75
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
192.33±33.54
192.99±32.85
192.08±33.16
0.968
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
140.04±85.72
162.97±109.63
158.89±89.58
0.086
121.36±29.47
0.492
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)
120.46±29.70
117.53±30.09
*
*
0.001
113.03±50.81
123.42±30.81
*
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl)
48.23±13.02
44.25±8.93
44.47±9.58
54.47±20.27
53.67±12.27
52.83±21.14
0.851
*
No. of participants with incident MS
26 (23.6)
39 (35.5)
45 (40.9)
0.035
39 (22.4)
37 (21.9)
43 (24.9)
0.392
Data are presented as means ± SD or N (%).
All men and women participants were divided into three groups according to tertile of Heart Rate Recovery, respectively.
One-way ANOVA was used to compare means of parameters between three groups in men. Post-hoc analysis: Scheffe.
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare means of parameters between three groups of women after age was controlled for. Post-hoc analysis: Bonferroni.
*
: significantly different between low CRF and middle CRF or significantly different between low CRF and high CRF; #: significantly different between middle CRH and high CRF.
Abbreviations: HRR, Heart rate recovery; CRF, Cardiorespiratory fitness.