Time Periods in AP World
1)
Foundations (10,000 BCE – 600 BCE)
--Paleolithic to Neolithic (Ag. Revolution) to RVC to C/Civ.
--from the Pre-WWW to the Old- WWW
2) 600 BCE to 600 CE
--Rise & Decline of the 4 Classical Civs
--Major religions/philosophies
--WWW grows
3) 600 CE to 1450 CE
--Birth of Islam; decline of Europe
--Continued rise of land-based powers
4) 1450 – 1750 CE
--Europe reborn, Islam fragments, rise of maritime powers & exploration; mid-WWW; European expansion
around world
5) 1750 – 1914 CE
--Imperialism, Industrial Revolution, outbreak of political revolutions, supremacy of Europe over the world
6) 1900 to the Present
--WWI and WWII;
--WWW reaches a peak
--decline of Europe & rise of the US
Categories of History—define each
Economic
Conflict between opposites
Psychohistory
“Great Man”
Historical forces (ie, ideas, religions, etc…)
Random events
Some famous & one not-so-famous historian
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος) (484 BCE)
“Father of History”
Wrote on Greek & Persian battles in “The Histories”
Universe ruled by fate, included gods
Moral lesson from history—arrogant punished
Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης ) (400 BCE)
Another Greek historian—used facts
Wrote very detailed history on the fighting between Athens and Sparta in The Peloponnesian War
history seen from man’s actions, rather than actions of the gods
Plutarch
The character of men change history
Wrote during Rome, the time of “Great Men”
Sima Qian (145-90 BCE)
Great Chinese historian during the Han Dynasty
Wrote about dynastic families in China who ruled through a Mandate of Heaven
Wrote “Shiji” –a series of biographies
Al-Biruni (1000 CE)
Islamic historian who traveled and attempted to connect history and geography
Ibn Battuta
Wrote about his travels to Africa and Asia; the Islamic “Marco Polo”
Hegel (1837 CE)
History is the product of conflict between opposites
“dialectical materialism”
Karl Marx (1850 CE)
History is the result of class conflict between the haves (bourgeoisie) and have-nots (proletariat)
Wrote the “Communist Manifesto”
Laid the foundation for communism and later the Cold War
Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer
Survival of the fittest
Applied the theory to human history
“Social Darwinism”
Frederick Jackson Turner
American who said geography gave advantages to some and disadvantages to others
Arnold Toynbee (1950)
All civilizations encounter challenges and their response will determine if they grow or decline
Ex: Decline of the Roman Empire—split into two with the East successful and the West not
Barbara Tuchman (1962)
History is often seen as the “march of folly”
Nations/people do things that lead to their decline
Howard Zinn (1980)
History documents only the winners
History is often mythmaking
History should focus on the people and oppressed
Four Historical Thinking Skills:
1) Constructing & evaluating arguments from historical evidence.
2) Chronological reasoning or developing the ability to assess issues of change & continuity over time.
3) Ability to develop the skills of historical comparison & conceptualization.
4) Enhancing the capacity to handle diversity of historical interpretations & synthesis through historical evidence.