Earth Science MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 09-10

advertisement
Earth Science MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 09-10
The Earth Science midterm is a cumulative exam that encompass all of the concepts learned and activities
completed since September. The Midterm will consist of 100 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer
questions. The midterm and final exams combined are equivalent to 1/5 of your final grade for the
course...they are significant! Be sure to study!
How to study:
 To be a successful as possible for this exam – you should be studying well in advance of the
exam (several hours total).
 Review previous class notes and handouts
 Review previous terminology learned in class and in your text (flash cards work well)
 Review previous tests (check your folder in the back of the room).
 Review diagrams in your text (can you talk about what is being depicted in these diagrams?)
 Review end of chapter/section review questions in your text
Chapters Covered :1,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,12,13,26
Topics to study:






















The Scientific method
The 5 Branches of Earth Science
Scientific Theories vs. Laws
What made the dinosaurs extinct
Size and shape of the Earth
Source of Earth’s Magnetic Field
Layers of the Earth
Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Cycle
Succession and Ecosystems
Human impact on the environment
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Map Skills- cartography
Latitude & Longitude
Plate Tectonics
Alfred Wegener’s evidence
Modern evidence for Plate Tectonics
Convergent vs. Divergent Plate Boundaries
Transform Plate Boundaries
Pangaea/Panthallassa
Ring of Fire
Sea floor spreading
Paleomagnetism






















Compass Rose/Map Lagend
Geographic vs. Geomagnetic poles
Map Projections
Contour Maps
Properties of Minerals
Silicate Minerals
Mineral ID tests
3 Types of Rocks- examples
Igneous Rock Formations
3 kinds of sedimentary rocks
Regional vs. Contact Metamorphism
Geologic Time Scale
Era, Period, epoch
Precambrian,Paleozoic, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic Eras- type of life forms
Law of Superposition
Law of Cross Cutting Relationships
Relative vs. Absolute Dating
Half-Life/Carbon dating
Fossils
Earthquakes- Elastic Rebound Theory
Epicenter/focus
Richter magnitude







Deep sea tranches
Vulcanism
Magma v. lava
Major volcanic zones
Hot spots
Pyroclastic material
Types of Volcanoes ( Cinder, Shield and
Composite Volcanoes)
Seasons
Equinoxes and Solstices










Seismic Waves- P, S, L waves
Locating an epicenter
Tsunami
Rotation of Earth
Revolution of Earth
Why do we have seasons?
Leap Year
Daylight Saving Time
International date Line
Time Zones
Be able to:





























design an experiment using the steps of the scientific method
explain how the text book explains the extinction of the dinosaurs and relate this to the steps of the scientific
method
explain how science is different from other areas of study
state the circumference and diameter of the Earth
list the layers of the Earth and their properties , such as compostion, state of matter, temperature
explain how the force of gravity varies with mass and distance of objects
describe what drives the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates
explain how ecosystems respond to change
distinguish between the (geo)magnetic and geographic Poles
describe how latitude and longitude can be used to pinpoint locations of Earth
interpret the symbols used and the legend of a map
interpret topographic maps
distinguish between the two types of minerals (silicate and non-silicate)
list the criteria that must be met for a substance to be considered a mineral
describe the tests and properties used to identify unknown minerals
distinguish between the three families of rock and give examples of each
describe the processes that form the different types of rocks
explain the changes that have occurred to the Earth and its life forms over time
use the Geologic Time Scale
list evidence to support Alfred Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift
list modern evidence to support the idea of Plate tectonics
describe the type of geologic features that form at the different ypes of plate boundaries
explain why we have seasons
explain why Leap Year and Daylight Saving Time are necessary
list the parts of a volcano
describe how hot spot volcanism formed the Hawaiian Islands
distinguish between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake
pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake from seismographs
distinguish between the three types of seismic waves
Know the definitions and be able to use each term correctly.
Oceanography
Astronomy
Meteorology
Ecology
Geology
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Meteorite Impact Hypothesis
Magnetosphere
Scientific Method
Hypothesis
Variable
Theory
Law
Control
Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener
Glossopteris flora
Mesosaurus
Sea floor spreading
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Transform boundary
Subduction zone
Convection currents
Oceanic trench
Mid Ocean Ridge
Plate Tectonics
Pangaea
Panthallassa
Rift Valley
Elastic rebound Theory
Epicenter/focus
Ring of Fire
Primary Wave
Secondary Wave
Surface Wave
Seismograph
Richter Scale
tsunami
Oblate spheroid
Aphelion
Perihelion
Tilt
Parallelism
Precession
Rotation
Revolution
Circumference
Law of Gravitation
Moho
Crust/mantle/core
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Solstice
Equinox
Satellites
Meridian
Eratosthenes
Mineral
Silicates
Nonsilicate minerals
Cleavage/Fracture
Hardness-Mohs Scale
Luster
Color
Crystal Systems (6)
Double Refraction
Fluorescence
Radioactivity
Density
Streak
Magma/lava
Hotspot
Tephra
Pyroclastic debris
Shield cone
Cinder cone
Composite Cone
Caldera
volcano
food web
food chain
trophic levels
autotroph/heterotroph
(consumer/producer)
longitude
Latitude
Map Projections- cylindrical,
azimuthal,conic
Contour line
Contour interval
Index contour
Topographic map
Geographic North Pole
Geomagnetic North Pole
Quadrangle
Time Zones
Noon
Daylight Saving Time
International Date Line
Leap Year
Equator
Rock Cycle
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Lithification
Extrusion
Intrusion
Sill/ dike
Batholith/Laccolith/stock
Strata
Foliated
Coarse vs. fine grained
Clastic/chemical/organic
Regional vs contact
metamorphism
Geologic Time Scale
Extinct
GUIDED REVIEW QUESTIONS GUIDED REVIEW QUESTIONS
On the left side of the page are focus questions to help you review each exam “outcome” for the district
Fold the
paperanswers
in half lengthwise
midterm. Use the space to the right to fill in your response. You can cover-up
on the right side to
(top to bottom) to create an
efficient
study
guide!
Fold paper
in half
lengthwise
help you review and test your own knowledge.
(top to bottom) to create an
efficient study guide!
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
What is the proper sequence of events in the development of a “theory”? (Put the following in correct
order: design a controlled experiment, form a hypothesis, draw conclusions, state/define the
problem, make observations, revisit hypothesis and experimental design)
STUDY HINT: make a mneumonic to memorize the correct order!
What information is should a hypothesis provide?
If an experiment disproves a hypothesis, was it a failure? Why?
What is an experimental control? Provide an example in the form of a controlled experiment.
How did the dinosaurs become extinct ?
Branches of Earth Science
Define each of the following terms and give two examples of things that scientists in these fields
would do or study.
Astronomy
Oceanography
Meteorology
Geology
How does the acronym O.M.E.G.A. help you to remember the branches of Earth Science?
Layers of the Earth
List the four layers of the Earth.
Label this diagram with the names of the four layers.
How does the fact that the Earth has layers make it a dynamic, changing planet ?
Match the following words to the layer of the Earth that they describe :
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Ecology
Put the following terms in proper sequence to represent organisms in a food chain?
Primary consumer, producer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
Using the above info, propose a hypothetical food chain using actual organisms.
Using the words heterotroph, autotroph, and sun – describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.
Statistics of the Earth
Fill in the following measurements in km and miles
Circumference of Earth____________________km _____________________miles
Diameter of Earth ___________________ km _____________________ miles
Period of Rotation ______________________ hours
Period of Revolution ____________________ days
Tilt of Axis _________________ degrees
Water Cycle
Diagram the Water Cycle using the following words :
Precipitation
Evaporation
transpiration
condensation
MAPS
Distinguish between Latitude and Longitude. Which is written first when writing out the coordinates for
a location.
Each degree of latitude or longitude can be broken up into subunits. Identify the subunits of a degree.
What does breaking a degree up into subunits allow you to do?
How many miles are in one degree of Latitude? _______________
Is this true for Longitude- explain and draw a diagram to represent the way the distance of longitude
changes as you approach the poles.
Estimate the Latitude and Longitude of each point if the distance between lines is 30 degrees.
Point A __________ _____________
Point B__________ _____________
Point C/D ______________________
Point E ___________ ____________
Point F ___________ _____________
Point G___________ _____________
Point H __________ _____________
\
CARTOGRAPHY
Why are all maps distorted?
What are the three kinds of map projections and how is each one used?
1-
2-
3-
What does a map legend explain?
Define SCALE
What are three ways the SCALE of a map can be represented?
A-
B-
C-
CONTOUR MAPS
Contour maps show changes in elevation.
Define the following terms :
INDEX CONTOUR
CONTOUR INTERVAL
RELIEF
1. Color the elevations on the topographic map as follows. Red: 50m and higher, Orange: 40-50m,
Yellow: 30-40m, Light green: 20-30m, Dark green: 10-20m, Purple: 0-10m.
___________________________
3. Approximately how tall is Baker Hill?
___________________________
4. Which mountain is taller, and by about how much? ___________________________
2. Approximately how tall is Able Hill?
5. How many meters of elevation are there between
contour lines on the topographic map?
6. Which mountain has steeper slopes?
___________________________
___________________________
7. Are the contour lines closer together on Able Hill
or Baker Hill?
___________________________
Green River Topographic Map Activity
1. What is
the
contour
interval?
Green River Topographic Map Activity
2. What do
the
contour
lines do
when they
cross
Green
River?
Green River Topographic Map Activity
4. What is
the
elevation
of point
A?
Green River Topographic Map Activity
5. Which
side of
Fire
Mountain
is the
steepest?
(North or
South)
Green River Topographic Map Activity
6. What is
the
elevation
of point
B?
Green River Topographic Map Activity
7. If you
walk from
point D to
point E
would you
be going
uphill or
downhill?
Green River Topographic Map Activity
8. When the
stream
first
begins,
what
direction
is it
flowing?
Green River Topographic Map Activity
9. What is
the
difference
in
elevation
between
points A
and C?
Green River Topographic Map Activity
11. Select
the most
accurate
profile that
runs from
A to A`
from the
choices.
Green River Topographic Map Activity
10. What is
elevation
of the
highest
contour
line on
this map?
MINERALS
What are the two main groups of minerals? _____________________ & ______________________
Circle the category of minerals that makes up 96 % of all minerals.
What criteria must a substance have in order to be considered a mineral?
a)
b)
c)
d)
If you were given an unknown mineral what tests or observations would you do to find out what kind
of mineral it was?
Why isn’t color a good way to identify a mineral? Give at least two reasons.
The ROCK CYCLE
Label the blanks with the name of the correct rock
type, for example:
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
True/False (circle one)
Any type of rock can turn into any other type of
rock.
PROPERTIES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS- Define and give examples of rocks with these features.
EXTRUSIVE
INTRUSIVE
COARSE Grained
FINE Grained
GLASSY
VESICULAR
True/False (circle one) Igneous rocks form from magma or lava.
PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Define and give 2 examples of rocks that have these features.
CLASTIC (Detrital)
CHEMICAL
Organic (Biochemical)
Layering (Strata)
Geodes
What are the four agents that cause erosion (transport)?
How is mechanical weathering different from chemical weathering? Use the Statue of Liberty
as an example.
Properties of METAMORPHIC ROCK
Metamorphic rock forms by one of the processes below. Describe each and give an example of
where this would occur.
REGIONAL Metamorphism
CONTACT Metamorphism
Distinguish between foliated an non-foliated metamorphic rock and give two examples of each.
_____________
_______________
______________
Matching: write the correct name under the correct picture:
Basalt, Obsidian, Granite
Which rock makes up Mt. Rushmore and Yosemite N.P.?_______________________
Of which rock is the Rosetta Stone made?__________________________________
Of which type of Rock is the Grand Canyon made? _____________________________________
Of which type of rock is the Delaware Water Gap Made?_______________________________
_____________
___________
_________
___________
__________
Label the following sedimentary rocks correctly:
Coal, Fossil Limestone, Sandstone, Conglomerate, Shale
______________
______________
_____________
___________
___________
______________
______________
_____________
___________
____________
Free Energy
Label each metamorphic rock correctly on the top line and tell from which rock it cam on the lower
line. Schist, Marble, Quartzite, Slate and Gneiss.
Free Energy
Rate of Reaction
Figure 28.10 This diagram illustrates the Law of Crosscutting
Relationships, which states that a rock is younger than any rock that it
cuts. The rock units are arranged in order of decreasing age from 1 to 5.
Which layer of rock is the oldest? __________________________
Which layer of rock on the previous page is older? _________________________
Which layer is youngest?__________________________________________
Put the rock layers in order from oldest to youngest.__________________________
What would feature number 2 be called ?__________________________________
GEOLOGIC TIME
The Earth has been around for 5 billion years! List the major divisions of Geologic Time and
characteristic life forms of each era.
Era
Characteristic Life Forms
Date
PLATE TECTONICS
Who came up with the idea that the Earth’s surface plates are moving?________________________
List 4 pieces of evidence to support the idea of continental drift.
1.
3.
2.
4.
On which two continents was this fossil found? How did it help support the idea
of continental drift?
Today we call this theory –Plate Tectonics. Explain how paleomagnetism, sea floor spreading and
convection currents have supported the idea that the continents have not always been in their current
positions.
Label the tectonic plates below :
Plate Boundaries
Describe what is happening at each of the four plate boundaries below. What kind of geologic feature
is forming on each?
EARTHQUAKES
Where do most earthquakes occur?
Distinguish between the FOCUS and EPICENTER of an earthquake.
How many seismogram stations do you need to get information from (at a minimum) to pinpoint the
location of an earthquake?
Describe the three kinds of seismic waves in terms of speed, type of motion, and medium they can
pass through.
What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
VOLCANOES
Distinguish between magma and lava.
What is a vent?
Why does magma rise?
Distinguish between Cinder, Shield and Composite Volcanoes.
Give examples of pyroclastic material.
LAB SAFETY
What is wrong with this picture?
Download