What 6 elements make up over 90% of all biological material?
NCHOPS
Ionic bond (transfer of electrons) vs. covalent bond (sharing of electrons)
List the 5 characteristics of living things
Metabolize, reproduce, evolve, organized, and respond to environment
List the biological organization in order of complexity starting with the least complex
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms,
populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere
Electronegativity: Attraction of an atom for its valence electrons
Polar covalent bond: Two atoms share electrons unequally
Water: partial charges due to water’s higher electronegativity
Describe the properties of water that contribute to the upward movement of water in a
tree?
Adhesion- Clinging of one substance to another (water to cellulose)
Cohesion- Hydrogen bonds used to hold water molecules to others
How can the freezing of water crack boulders?
Water expands when it freezes due to hydrogen bonds becoming more stable
and creating more space between molecules. It liquid water were to run into a crack
in the boulder and froze, it would expand inside the rock.
Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is
most directly responsible for the ability to sweat to lower body temperature?
a) Water’s change in density due to temperature
b) Water’s high surface tension
c) The release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds
d) The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds (hydrogen bonds
must be broken to vaporize)
The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are
a) Ionic
b) Hydrogen
c) Covalent
d) Polar covalent
e) Nonpolar covalent
Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion
concentration of the lake?
a) 4.0 M
b) 104 M
c) 10-7 M
d) 10-4 M
What is the hydroxide concentration of the lake described in the previous question?
a) 10.0 M
b) 10-10 M
c) 10-7 M
d) 10-12 M
Which of the following would contain a polar covalent bond?
a) Cl2
b) NaCl
c) H2O
d) CH4
e) C6H12O6
The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to a partial positive
charge of another water molecule. What is this type of attraction called? Hydrogen bond
If the pH of a solution is decreased from 7 to 6, it means the conc. of H+ has increased 10
times what it was at pH 7
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? Carboxyl and amine
Organic compounds contain Carbon
Structural isomers: differ in arrangement of atoms and location of double bonds
Geometric isomers: same covalent partnership, but differ in spatial arrangement
about a double bond
Enantiomers: differ in spatial arrangement around a middle carbon (mirror images)
Most amino acids