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Miss Badean
AP Biology
Mitosis, Meiosis, and Mendelian Genetics Study Guide
Do NOT use this as your only resource…and be sure to reference your notes
The Cell Cycle
Why do cells divide?
What are the four requirements in order for cell division to occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
How is the prokaryotic genome organized (chromosomes, number, structure)
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle - Three Stages - Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
What happens during Interphase (G1, S, G2)?
What happens during Mitosis (PMAT)
What is a chromosome?
Chromosomes versus Chromatids
In humans:
How many chromosomes are present in a diploid cell? (liver, stomach, neruon, etc)
How many chromosomes are present in a cell following S phase?
How many chromatids are present in a cell following S phase?
Diploid versus Haploid
Brief overview of the stages of the cell cycle (Replication, Alignment, Separation)
Plant versus Animal cell mitosis
Genetic relationship between parental cell and daughter cells
Cell Cycle Regulation:
Critical for regulation of growth, development and maintenance
Three Major Check Points: Why are they important?
G1: Is the DNA ready to be replicated?
G2: Has DNA synthesis been completed correctly?
M (Metaphase): Are the chromosomes aligned properly?
Each checkpoint is regulated by a different Cdk-Cyclin Pairs (Cyclin Dependent Kinase)
-Ex: MPF regulates the G2 checkpoint
Kinase enzymes function by adding phosphate groups to molecules to activate/inhibit their activity
Regulating the amount of Cyclin produced, regulates Cdk activity
Proto-oncogenes - Activate cell division
If mutated and become overactive, will continuously stimulate cell division
Tumor-Suppressor Genes (ex. p53) - Inhibit cell division
If mutated and become inactive, will be unable to inhibit cell division
Cancer - Accumulation of mutations resulting in a cells inability to regulate the cell cycle - Cell Cycle
never stops
Benign versus Malignant Tumors
Meiosis:
Compare and Contrast with Mitosis
Homologous Chromosomes - importance in meiosis? (They MUST find each other)
Produces Haploid Cells
Meiosis I – Separation of Homologous chromosomes – Why is this important?
Meiosis II - sister chromatids split and results in the formation of 4 gametes
Results in genetic variation
Crossing Over
Fertilization RESTORES the diploid number
Errors in Meiosis:
Chromosomal Mutations
Disjunction versus Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction can occur in both meiosis I or II
Nondisjunction events involving sex chromosomes do not usually result in spontaneous abortion
Most autosomal chromosomal mutations result in spontaneous abortion
Amniocentesis and Karyotyping
Genetic Testing - Ethics
Changes in Chromosomes
Inversion
Duplication
Translocation
Insertion or Deletion
Mendelian Genetics Study Guide
Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants
P, F1, and F2 generations
Dominance versus Recessive – Law of Dominance – Which genotype tells you dominance?
Genotype versus Phenotype
Test Cross - purpose? how do you perform them?
Alleles - How many alleles do you inherit for a particular gene?
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
How many genetically distinct gametes can an individual with the genotype AaBBCcDDEe produce?
2n , where n = number of traits the individual is heterozygous for
Rules of probability can be applied to analyze the passing of genes from parent to offspring – If a
parent has the genotype AaBBCcDd and the other parent has the genotype AABbCcDD, what is the
probability of them producing a child that has the genotype AaBBCCDd?
Segregation and Independent Assortment can be applied to genes that are UNLINKED (located on
separate chromosomes)
Patterns of Inheritance: monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, incomplete dominance, codominance,
genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can be predicted from data that gives the
parental OR offspring phenotypes/genotypes
Blood Types = Multiple Alleles can exist (more than 2) for a particular gene
Chi-Square Analysis of data
Many patterns of inheritance do NOT follow Mendel’s Laws (linked genes, incomplete dominance,
codominance, multiple alleles, Sex-linked traits)
Pedigree Charts – know how to read them and figure out the pattern of inheritance it displays
Linked genes versus Unlinked Genes
Recombination Frequency
Gene Mapping using recombination frequencies
1% = 1 map unit
Environment can influence gene expression
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria carry their own DNA that codes for other traits (non-nuclear
inheritance)
Chi-Square Analysis:
-Null hypothesis
-Use of the formula
-Degrees of freedom
-P value (p= 0.05 versus p = 0.01)
-Critical Value Table – How to interpret
**Formula and Table will be provided to you for the exam!**