Chapter 12/13 Mitosis and Meiosis (note that I assume you know Chap 12)
Organization of genetic material (chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids, homologous chromosomes)
Cell cycle – G1, S, G2, Interphase
Phases of Mitosis
Genes that regulate cell cycle, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, repair genes
Cancer cells that lose control of cycle
Gametes (haploid cells)= sperm, egg, pollen grain
Sex chromosomes and autosomes
Diploid 2n; Haploid n
Mitosis conserves chromosome number whereas meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half
Stages of Meiosis
Reduction steps = Separation of homologous chromosomes AND sister chromatids segregating away from each other
Producing genetic variation in meiosis = Crossing over and independent assortment
Chapter 14 Mendel
Use of qualitative traits
True breeding lines
Hybridization of pea plants to produce large numbers of offspring
P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation
Law of segregation = the two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
(Anaphase II)
Alleles = variations of a gene
Phenotype vs Genotype
Laws of Probability such as multiplying with an “AND” statement and adding with an “OR” statement
Epistasis
Pleiotropy
Polylgenic Inheritance controlling quantitative traits
Recessively inherited disorders such as Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle-cell Disease and Huntington’s Disease
Genetic Carriers (Aa)
Amniocentesis and Karyotypes as forms of prenatal testing
Chapter 15 Chromosomes
Gene linkage causes traits to have unique patterns of inheritance other than Mendelian genetics
Recombinant phenotypes vs Parental phenotypes to determine recombination frequency
Recombination frequency and centiMorgans (cM)
Gene order on a chromosome
Sex-linked traits exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
Chi-square as a statistical test to determine the significance of observed numbers varying from expected numbers
Nondisjunction
Diploid (2n), triploid (3n), tetraploids (4n) (polyploids) vs. monosomy (2n-1), trisomy (2n+1) (aneuploids)
Deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions
Cytoplasmic inheritance / Extranuclear genes (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)) – maternally inherited
Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations (Trisomy 21, XXY Klinefelter syndrome, Trisomy X, Monosomy X
Turner syndrome, Cri du Chat Syndrome)
An example of a free response question:
1.
Meiosis reduces chromosome number and rearranges genetic information. a.
Explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in meiosis.

b.
Several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic process. Identify ONE such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with the disorder? Describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis. c.
Production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the typical meiotic process. Describe either parthenogenesis or cloning and compare the genomes of the offspring with those of the parents.