Blood Components and Groups Guided Notes
Name:__________________________
Do Now
How does our body determine self from non-self?
What is the function of blood?
What is blood made of?
____________________________(~55% TOTAL VOLUME)
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~92% _____________________
~7% _______________________
 Albumin (osmotic balance)
 Fibrinogen (clotting)
 Antibodies (immune)
 Hormones (regulation)
~1% _______________________________
 Electrolytes (osmotic and pH balance, regulating membrane permeability)
 Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
________________________ (~44% TOTAL VOLUME)
 aka red blood cells
 tiny!
 lack a nucleus, have few organelles
 contain hemoglobin – an iron-containing protein that reversibly binds to oxygen (and a small amount of
CO2)
How does the structure of erythrocytes facilitate their function?
____________________________ (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME)
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aka white blood cells
fight pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and cancer
can leave the blood stream to go to infected tissue – _____________________________
summoned to damaged areas by ____________________, move by ___________________ motion
Leukocyte Types
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________________________ – contain granules in cytoplasm and unusually shaped nuclei

 Neutrophils – phagocytes; abundant during bacterial infection
 Eosinophils – kill parasitic worms and increase during allergy attacks
 Basophils - assist in inflammatory response
________________________ – lack granules in cytoplasm and have normal nuclei
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Lymphocytes – most numerous; include B and T cells; produce antibodies and attack infected cells
Monocytes – engulf and destroy pathogens
__________________ (<1% TOTAL VOLUME)
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cell fragments
involved in blood clotting
Review 2: Structure and Function
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Identify the component of blood that transports each material, and justify your response!
Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
Electrolytes
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Hormones
Immune cells
HEAT!!
Review 3: Compare and Contrast
Compare & contrast the structure and function of erythrocytes and leukocytes
Blood Groups

All cells in the body have genetically-determined _______________________________ on their surface; the
combinations of these are unique to each individual and are involved in self / non-self recognition

Some of these proteins are also ___________________________ – they cause an immune response in
individuals that do not posses them

The proteins (blood factors) that cause the greatest immune response belong to the ABO and Rh groups.
Antigen – Antibody Reactions
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Antigens are foreign substances that provoke an immune response, including the release of antibodies that bind
to and attack them
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Where are antigens found?
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Surface of pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, etc.)
Vaccines (that’s why they work!)
Allergens (e.g. pollen, dust, etc.)
Cancer cells (foreign b/c cell has mutated)
Transplanted tissue / organs
Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells that bind to and destroy antigens. Antibodies are specific
to certain antigens
Agglutination

When antibodies bind to RBCs, they cause ________________________ or clumping
Why is this bad?

Initially, clumps clog small capillaries, causing pain and reduced blood flow

Later, RBCs that are bound to the antibodies lyse or break open, releasing hemoglobin into the blood –
which can cause kidney failure
ABO blood group
The key to transfusions:
You cannot give a person blood that has antigens for which they have antibodies, otherwise, their immune system
will attack that blood.
Fill out the chart …
Blood
Type
Can donate
to
Can receive from
A
B
AB
O
The Rh blood group

The Rh blood group describes ~45 different (but similar) antigens on RBCs. These antigens are called antigen
“D”

People are Rh + if they have any of the various D antigens. They are Rh – if the do not have any D antigens.

Unlike the ABO system, Rh- people must be sensitized to the D antigen before developing antibodies. That
means Rh- people will NOT have an agglutination reaction the first time they encounter Rh+ blood … but they
will if they have it a second time.
Blood Type
Can donate to
Can receive from
What is the universal donor?
Rh+
Rh-
What is the universal recipient?
Rh blood group and pregnancy
Blood Typing
_______________________ is a solution
that contains antibodies against a specific
antigen (i.e. antiserum A contains type A
antibodies).
Blood type is determined by adding
antiserum A, B, and D to blood and
observing whether or not agglutination
occurs.
Genetics Refresher
We have two versions – or ___________________ – of every gene. One inherited from our mom, one from our dad.
The two alleles (___________________) interact to determine our trait (____________________) in predictable ways.
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Some alleles are ___________________, some are _____________________. Dominant genes show
their trait and ‘cover up’ recessive genes.
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IA (A) and IB (B) are dominant to i (O).

D (+) is dominant to d (–)
Some alleles are ________________________. This means both alleles fully express their trait.

IA and IB are codominant with each other
Genotype to Phenotype
What blood type will result from each genotype?
1. IAiDD
2. iidd
3. IB IB Dd
4. IA IB dd
5. IB iDd
Phenotype to Genotype
What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
1. A+
2. AB3. O4. B+
Other important vocab –
____________________________ – both alleles for one gene are the same (e.g. ii)
____________________________ – the two alleles for one gene are different (e.g. Iai)
Punnett Squares
Monohybrid Crosses
Dihybrid Crosses