Question
Outcome
Label each of the layers of the Earth:
Crust
1
1
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
2
1
3
1
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
3
8
4
Which layers are solid and which layers are liquid?
The crust and inner core are solid. The mantle and outer core are liquid.
Which layer is hottest and which is coolest?
Hottest is the inner core. Coolest is the crust.
What material is the inner core made of?
Iron
Draw the type of movement that occurs at a transform boundary between
tectonic plates
What is the difference between a convergent and divergent boundary of
tectonic plates?
The plates at a convergent boundary are moving towards each other. The
plates at a divergent boundary are moving away from each other
Label the below diagram of a volcano
1 - Lava
2 - Ash cloud
3 - Cinders
4 - Igneous rock (cooled lava)
5 - Magma
7
6 - Crust
7 - Vent
What property of lava determines whether a volcano forms into a shield or
cone shape?
Viscosity (high viscosity makes cone shaped volcanos as it does not flow as
well)
Using the key words below to describe what causes tectonic plates to move
(density, temperature, convection). Draw a diagram to aid your description.
As the temperature of a liquid increases, it becomes less dense. As it cools it
becomes more dense. Less dense liquids rise and denser liquids fall. This
movement of liquid is called convection currents and causes the tectonic
plates to move at the same time.
9
5
10
5
11
6
12
6
13
7
14
7
15
7
16
8
17
7
Name the device used to measure earthquake severity
Seismograph or seismometer
What causes earthquakes?
Tectonic plates that are moving past one another may get stuck and
eventually cause a fault to release all the stored energy.
What are the three types of folds? Draw a picture of each one.
Anticline
Monocline
Syncline
Which type of fault causes the surface of the land to be shortened? Which
type of fault causes the surface of the land to be increased?
A compression fault shortens the surface.
A tension (or extension) fault increase the surface
Which layer of the Earth is prone to weathering and erosion?
The crust
"Weathering and erosion are different words for the same thing"
What is wrong with the sentence above? Explain
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks. Erosion is the movement
of sediments and rocks. These are different things.
List the following methods of weathering as physical (mechanical) or chemical
1. Rain bombarding a rock surface - Physical
2. Large changes in temperature - Physical
3.Chemicals in a river dissolving rocks - Chemical
4. Sand in a river grinding against rocks - Physical
5. Water freezing into ice, causing expansion - Physical
6. Acid rain - Chemical
Name two natural processes that can cause erosion.
Wind, water
Read the below paragraph and fill in the blanks
Weathering takes place as rocks are broken down into progressively smaller
pieces by the effects of weather. These pieces do not move to a new location,
they simply break down. Weathering is caused by water, as it freezes and
thaws, as well as by chemical reactions that loosen the bonds holding rocks
together. Weathering is most common at the surface where exposed bedrock
meets the atmosphere.
18
9
19
9
List three properties that all minerals must have:
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid
3. Chemical compound (one or more elements joined chemically)
Which of the following are minerals?
Gold, Quartz, Marble, Ice, Water, Air, Limestone,
Below is Moh's Scale of Hardness
Hardness Mineral
20
10
21
10
22
11
1
Talc
2
Gypsum
3
Calcite
4
Fluorite
5
Apatite
6
Feldspar
7
Quartz
8
Topaz
9
Corundum
10
Diamond
Approximate the hardness, using the scale above, of the following materials:
1. Material A scratches fluorite and is scratched by apatite. ~ 4.5
2. Material B scratches everything softer than Topaz ~ 8
3. Material X Supreme scratches calcite and apatite and is scratched by quartz
and diamond ~ 6
Johnny rubbed a crystal of yellow topaz against a plate which left a white
mark behind. Johnny told Sally to write down that the colour of the topaz
must be white.
Do you agree? Why/Why not?
The colour of the topaz is yellow. Johnny should have said the streak of the
topaz is white.
List three properties that all rocks must have:
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid
3. One or more minerals joined physically
Fill in the appropriate word in each of the boxes.
Rocks
Formed by cementing of
smaller particles
23
11, 12,
13, 16
Formed by heat and pressure
Formed by cooling of molten rock
Sedimentary
Igneous
Cooled on the surface
Extrusive
Metamorphic
Cooled under the surface
Intrusive
What can affect the size of the crystals found in a rock? Where do you think
the largest crystals form?
The rate of cooling affects crystal size. The largest crystals are formed deeper
underground as they are closer to the hot mantle which causes them to cool
down slowly.
Draw and name two crystal shapes.
24
Cubic
25
Rhombohedral
15
Triclinic
Weathering
Deposition
26
16
The pictures on the left represent
the four stages of forming
sedimentary rocks.
(note: nature doesn't use trucks!)
Put a word in each box which
describes each step.
Erosion
Cementation
27
17
28
18
29
19
30
20
31
21
Fill in the blanks in the table below which refers to the rock cycle
Starting type of rock
Process
Final type of rock
Igneous
Heat and Pressure
Metamorphic
Metamorphic
Weathering and Erosion
Sedimentary
Sedimentary
Melting and solidifying
Igneous
Metamorphic
Heat and Pressure
Metamorphic
Igneous
Weathering and Erosion
Sedimentary
Label the following types of fossils as cast, mold, trace or true form
Foot print in rock - trace
Imprint in rock showing a shell shape - mold
Petrified (turned to stone) dinosaur bone - cast
Egyptian mummy - true form
Egg shells - trace
Insect preserved in sap - true form
Arrange these steps in the correct order required to make a cast fossil:
1. Organism dies
2. Organism is buried quickly under sedimentary rock
3. Soft tissue decays
4. Bones washed away by water action
5. Mold fossil replaced by minerals into shape of bones by water action
Write down what the "law of superposition" means.
The law of superposition states that layers (strata) of rock are oldest at the
bottom and youngest on the top
Comparing the two profiles of rock strata from different sites below, answer
the following questions.
1. Which layer is the oldest? *******
2. Which layer is the youngest? AVAVAVA
3. Each fossil is of a type of fish that lived from 1.5 million years ago up to 500,
000 years ago. Which layers were formed while the species of fish lived?
OOOOOOO
WMWMWM
::::::::::::
////////
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
AVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVA
OOOO--FOSSIL--OOOO
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
WMWMWMWMWMW
WMWWMWMWMWM
//////////////////////
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
*******************
///////--FOSSIL--////////
Name the three steps of soil formation.Describe what occurs in each step.
32
22
33
23
Fragmentation - parent bedrock is broken into smaller pieces by weathering
Softening - water mixes with fragments and turns them into clay
Darkening - humus, air and water mix with subsoil turning it into darker top
soil.
Some of the major constituents (parts) of soil are humus, water and air.
Describe why each of these constituents are beneficial to have in soil.
Humus - decomposing organic matter provides nutrients for plants
Water - necessary component of photosynthesis for plants
Air - contains oxygen and carbon dioxide which are needed by plants as they
grow from seed