Biological Macromolecules Study Guide
Will Hodge
What are the six fundamental elements for life?
_________________________________________________________________
State what each of the following biological molecules function is:
Carbohydrate_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Lipids_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Proteins_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Nucleic Acids_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Define dehydration reaction. What comes in/out of the process? Draw it below.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is hydrolysis? What comes in/out of hydrolysis? Draw the process below.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Carbohydrates:
What is the carbohydrate monomer?
_________________________________________________________________
What elements make up the monomer?
_________________________________________________________________
What two groups are in a carbohydrate? What does each group do?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Glucose and fructose are isomers. What is an isomer?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What defining property does a carbohydrate have that shows it’s a sugar?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Draw the carbohydrate monomer and how it bonds with another monomer.
What are polysaccharides and what do they do? (Example: Starch)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Carbohydrates are mostly: (Circle)
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Lipids:
What is a fat made up of? _________________ and fatty acids. What elements
are they made up of?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What does a fatty acid consist of?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Why are saturated solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats aren’t?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What are phospholipids? What makes them different than fats?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Proteins:
What is the protein monomer?
_________________________________________________________________
What elements are in the protein monomer?
_________________________________________________________________
What are the three groups of the protein monomer?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Draw the protein monomer below. Also draw how it connects with other
monomers.
How many different amino acids are there?
_________________________________________________________________
What is the significance of the R group?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Is the protein monomer: (Circle) Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
What determines if the protein monomer is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
How does dehydration work with protein monomers?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Define peptide bond.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What determines the function of the protein?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is denaturation? When would it occur?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
*What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What do enzymes do? (Use energy barrier in answer)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is a substrate?
_________________________________________________________________
What’s a substrate’s active site? What is its purpose?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Does an enzyme change after regulating a reaction?
_________________________________________________________________
Which of the following environments make a typical enzyme work best? (Circle)
Temperature (C)
0
37
100
pH level
2
7
10
Nucleic Acids:
What is a gene?
_________________________________________________________________
What is the nucleic acid monomer? What elements make up these monomers?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
State what the 3 parts of that monomer are.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is the difference between DNA and RNA? (Bonus points for knowing what
they stand for)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA? How do they pair up?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA? How do they pair up?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Structures:
State what macromolecules each of the following structures are.
What is this?
_________________________________________________________________
What is this?
_________________________________________________________________
What is this?
_________________________________________________________________
What is this?
_________________________________________________________________
Food Activity:
You are testing Solution A for starches, sugars, and proteins.
Qwerty shows starches, Asdf shows sugars, and Zxcv shows proteins.
After testing, you gathered the following results.
Solution A
Positive Control
Negative Control
Qwerty
Pink
Brown
Pink
Asdf
Blue
Blue
Green
Zxcv
Orange
Orange
Black
What macromolecules are in Solution A?
_________________________________________________________________
What’s the purpose of positive and negative controls?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Bonus Question:
Draw the double helix of DNA (accurately)