SABANCI UNIVERSITY, FASS
Summer, 2013
HIST 462
OTTOMAN REFORM MOVEMENTS II
Elçin Arabacı
Class time & Room:
Monday, 10:40-13:30, FASS 1081
Thursday, 11:40-14:30, FASS 2031
Office Hours: TBA
e-mail: et228@georgetown.edu
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course examines the urban transformation of nineteenth-century Ottoman cities in
Anatolia, the Balkans and the Middle East though lectures, discussions, and additional audiovisual material. The transformation of urban morphology, political culture, economy and
demography during the era was closely connected to broader issues in nineteenth-century
Ottoman history such as the rise of the modern state, centralizing policies, the integration of the
Ottoman markets into global capitalist networks, the formation of national, sectarian, and class
identities, the policies of European imperial powers, the Ottoman state’s crisis of legitimacy and
economic troubles, massive forced and voluntary movements of people, wars, disease, and
social movements. In this class we will study how these major dynamics of the nineteenth
century were experienced in the Ottoman cities, how they changed urban society, politics and
morphology, how several urban classes, groups and actors reacted to them, and how these
urban classes and social groups contributed to the making of late Ottoman modernity.
ASSIGNMENTS AND GRADING:
-
Participation
Short paper
Presentation
Research paper
Final exam
20%
15%
15%
25 %
25%
Participation: Students should come to every class prepared to participate. The overall success
of the class will depend to a significant degree on students' willingness to engage in discussion;
a full 20% of the class grade is based on attendance and participation in discussion sections.
Presentation: Approximately 20 minutes of each lecture will be reserved for presentations. You
will be assigned a book relevant to lecture’s topic to present. In your presentations you are
expected to introduce the book to your classmates, what it is about, and what the major
arguments of the author are. You are also expected to discuss the book in relation to the rest of
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the readings assigned for that lecture. You may consider these presentations to be oral-book
reviews.
Short paper and research paper: By the end of the third lecture you will be given a short paper
assignment (4-5 pages, double spaced) based on your readings thus far. It will be due the
following week.
You are also responsible for writing a historical research paper due at the final lecture of the
class. The use of both primary and secondary sources is required for this assignment. Research
papers are limited to 10 pages (excluding the bibliography and visual sources, like maps, photos
and etc.) and this limit will be strictly enforced. You are free to choose a topic of your interest
relevant to the course subjects so long as it receives my approval. Just make sure that it is a
topic of interest to you, one that is particularly relevant to the course, and one that raises a
compelling issue or problem. You should also find a topic that is narrow enough to suit the
length of the assignment.
We will schedule meetings you to meet individually during my office hours in order to discuss
your plans for the research paper and possible primary sources to be used.
Primary sources are those created during the period of investigation. For Ottoman urban history
they are diverse ranging from photographs, pictures, novels, travel accounts and memoirs, to
city and architectural plans, newspaper articles, folk songs and the like. It is highly
recommended that you visit the “prints & photographs online” section of the US Library of
Congress archive where you can find hundreds of photos, cartoons, architectural plans and
maps:
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/
Here you can find Sultan Abdulhamid II’s photograph album collection. Bain, Carpenter, and the
American Colony collections are also large sources where you can find many photographs
reflecting the architecture and the daily lives of urban Ottoman people.
Writing your research papers:
1. Craft your paper by posing a particular problem or issue, offering a thesis in response and
supporting it with your primary and secondary sources.
Your title page should be followed by an introduction in which you are expected to outline the
topic, raise the questions that you are hoping to answer in the main body of your paper, as well
as to indicate the methods you intend to use.
In the main body of the text, you should pursue your thesis by referring to ample evidence from
your primary sources. Here you may also offer some background that situates your topic within
a historical context. State your arguments, support them with historical documentation, and
anticipate and preempt possible challenges to your argument. Finally in conclusion, summarize
your findings and clarify the contribution you have made to our understandings of the issue.
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2. Make sure to read and analyze your primary sources critically, setting them in a historical
context and addressing a) who wrote the text, b) what the purpose of the author was in writing
the text c) and who the audience of text was.
3. Your papers should be written in clear, concise, engaging and grammatically correct English.
4. It is compulsory to make proper citations in your papers. Remember that every time you
make a statement that is not common knowledge and every time you quote a source, you must
employ a footnote. Otherwise you will be considered to have committed plagiarism. According
to Oxford English Dictionary plagiarism means “The action or practice of taking someone else’s
word, idea etc and passing it off as one’s own; literary theft”. To avoid it you should cite your
source when you:
-
use exact words of the author. In this case you should either use quotation marks or
refer your source in block quotation.
paraphrase a source
use ideas or methods from a source.
As students of Sabancı University you are expected to understand and abide by Sabancı
University’s Academic Integrity Statement that declares:
We, as Sabancı University stakeholders, believe that the principle of academic integrity
constitutes the most important component of any research, creative work and/or of
the learning process. Academic integrity is the foremost of our responsibilities toward
the world of knowledge, to the society in which we live, to each other, and to
ourselves. Within this framework, therefore, we as Sabancı University faculty
members, students, and administrators, declare that we will neither violate the
principle of academic integrity nor allow others to do so.
(See: http://www.sabanciuniv.edu/en/academic-integrity-statement)
Citations and Bibliography:
The style of citations varies, but reference rules for footnotes/endnotes and bibliography are
always different. I prefer to have Chicago Manual of Style in your papers, so please visit and
review Chicago Manual of Style online page at:
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html, before writing your papers.
You are responsible for submitting all work on time and taking the final examination at the
scheduled times. The essays are due at the beginning of class; papers will be penalized by a
1/3 grade reduction for each day they are late. Make-up examinations will be considered only
under very serious circumstances.
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READING ASSIGNMENTS:
JULY 1-LECTURE I: Introduction to the course
JULY 4-LECTURE II : METHODOLOGY, ISLAMIC CITY, OTTOMAN CITY
Zeynep Çelik and Diane Favro, “Methods of Urban History”
Zeynep Çelik, “New Approaches to the ‘Non-Western’ City”
Janet Abu-Lughod, “The Islamic City. The Historical Myth, The Islamic Essence and
Contemporary Relevance”
Ethem Eldem, Bruce Masters, Daniel Goffman, “Introduction: Was there an Ottoman City?” (In
The Ottoman City Between East and West)
Gilles Veinstein, “The Ottoman Town (Fifteenth-Eighteenth Centuries)”
First week, no presentation
JULY 8- LECTURE III: THE CITIES OF “THE SECOND EMPIRE”
Baki Tezcan, “The Second Empire: The Transformation of the Ottoman Polity in the Early
Modern Era”
Haim Gerber, “Ottoman Civil Society and Modern Turkish Democracy”
Dina Rızk Khoury, “Introduction” (In State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire)
Antonis Anastasopoulos, “Mixed Elite of A Balkan Town: Karaferye in the Second Half of the
Eighteenth Century”
Presentation: Nelly Hanna, Artisan Entrepreneurs in Cairo and Early-Modern Capitalism (16001800)
JULY 11-LECTURE IV: URBAN REFORMS UNDER TANZIMAT AND HAMIDIAN REGIMES (I)
Jean Luc Arnaud, “Tradition and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century Modernization of the
Cities of the Ottoman Empire (1800-1920)”
Moshe Maʿoz, “Urban Politics: The Meclis” (Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840-1861,
Chapter VII)
Milen V. Petrov, “Introduction” and “The Reforms-Blueprint and Realities” (“Tanzimat for
Countryside: Midhat Paşa and the Vilayet of Danube”, Chapter III)
Beatrice St. Laurent, “Introduction”, “Ahmed Vefik Paşa and the Administrators of Bursa”
(Ottomanization and Modernization: The Architectural and Urban Development of Bursa and
the Genesis of Tradition, 1839-1914, Chapter I)
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Presentation: Steven T Rosenthal, The Politics of Dependency: Urban Reform in Istanbul.
SHORT PAPERS ARE DUE.
JULY 15- LECTURE V: CHANGING CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS
Dina Rızk Khoury, “Political Relations Between City and State in the Middle East, 1700-1850”
Jens Hanssen, “Practices of Integration-Center-Periphery Relations in the Ottoman Empire”
Christopher K. Neumann, “Ottoman Provincial Towns in the Eighteenth to the Nineteenth
Centuries”
Sarah D. Shields, “Interdependent Spaces: Relations Between the City and Countryside in the
Nineteenth Century”
Presentation: Mahmoud Yazbak, Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period
JULY 18-LECTURE VI: URBAN TRANSFORMATION UNDER TANZIMAT AND HAMIDIAN REGIMES II
Leila Hudson, “Bab Al Watan: On Provincial Capital: 1897-1908” (Transforming Damascus
Chapter VII)
Nadir Özbek, “Policing the Countryside: Gendarmes of the Late 19th century Ottoman Empire”
Gavin Carney, “Historical Introduction: Abdulhamid’s Gift Albums as an Imperial Self Portrait”
Presentation: Selim Deringil. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of
Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. / Hakan Karateke, Padişahım Çok Yaşa!
JULY 22- LECTURE VII: OTTOMAN CITIES OF COMMERCE, EUROPEAN CAPITALISM, AND
IMPERIALISM
Charles Philip Issawi, “British Trade and the Rise of Beirut 1830-1860”
Reşat Kasaba, “Growth in the Periphery: Western Anatolia, 1840-1876” (The Ottoman Empire
and the World Economy, Chapter 4)
Daniel Goffman, “Izmir: from village to colonial port city” (In The Ottoman City Between East
and West.)
Presentation: Downes, Brant William. Constructing the Modern Ottoman Waterfront: Salonica
and Beirut in the Late Nineteenth Century. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 2008.
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JULY 25-LECTURE VIII: CLASS AND ETHNIC/ NATIONAL/RELIGIOUS IDENTITY FORMATION
Watenpaugh, “Introduction”(In Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism,
Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class)
Haris Exertzoglou, “The Cultural Issues of Consumption: Negotiating Class, Gender, and Nation
in the Ottoman Urban Centers During the 19th Century”
Donald Quataert, “Labor and Working Class History during the Late Ottoman Period, c.18001914”
Presentation: Mark Mazower. Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 14301950. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
JULY 29- LECTURE IX: SUBALTERN REACTIONS
Milen V. Petrov, "Everyday Forms of Compliance: Subaltern Commentaries on Ottoman Reform,
1864-1868"
Jens Hannsen, “Capitalist Urbanization and Subaltern Resistance” (Fin De Siècle Beirut: The
Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital, Chapter III)
Donald Quataert, “Ottoman Workers and the State”
Donald Quataert, “Machine Breaking and the Changing Carpet Industry of Western Anatolia”
Presentation: John T. Chalcraft. The Striking Cabbies of Cairo and Other Stories Crafts and Guilds
in Egypt, 1863-1914. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2004.
AUGUST 1-LECTURE X: MIGRATIONS AND DEMOGRAPHY
Kemal Karpat, “Ottoman Population Records and Census of 1881/82-1893”
Bernard Hourcade, “The Demography of Cities and Expansion of Urban Space”
Christoph, Herzog “Migration and the state: On Ottoman regulations concerning migration since
the age of Mahmud II”
Florian Riedler, “Armenian labor migration to Istanbul and migration crisis of the 1890s”
Presentation: Meltem Toksöz, Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean The
Making of the Adana-Mersin Region 1850-1908.
AUGUST 5- LECTURE XI: VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL UNREST
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Ussama Makdisi, “Rethinking Ottoman Imperialism: Modernity, Violence and Cultural Logic of
Ottoman Reform”
A. Üner Turgay, “Trade and Merchants in Nineteenth Century Trabzon: Elements of Ethnic
Conflict”
Meltem Toksöz, “Multiplicity or Polarity? A Discusive Analysis of post-1908 violence in an
Ottoman Region”
Presentation: Makdisi, Ussama Samir. The Culture of Sectarianism Community, History, and
Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press,
2000.
AUGUST 8- LECTURE XII: TRANSFORMATION OF GENDER AND FAMILY RELATIONS
Alan Duben and Cem Behar “Marriage Age and Polygyny” (Istanbul Households: Marriage,
Family, and Fertility, 1880-1940. Chapter V)
Akram Fouad Khater, "House" to "Goddess of the House": Gender, Class and Silk in 19th Century
Mount Lebanon”
Donald Quatert “Ottoman Women, Households, and Textile Manufacturing 1800-1914”
Leila Hudson, “Bab Al-Usra: On Human Capital” (Transforming Damascus Space and Modernity
in an Islamic City, Chapter V)
Presentation: Akram Fouad Khater, Inventing Home. Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in
Lebanon, 1870-1920.
RESEARCH PAPERS ARE DUE
AUGUST 12- LECTURE XIII: SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION AND REPRESENTATION OF MODERNITY
Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu, “Mersin: Formation of a Tanzimat City in Southern Turkey”
Neslihan Türkün Dostoğlu and Elif Özlem Oral. “The Physical Transformation of the Ottoman
Capital of Bursa from Tanzimat to Republic”
Mary Roberts, “Geneologies of Display: Cross Cultural Networks at the 1880s Istanbul
Exhibitions”
Jens Hanssen, “Public Morality and Social Marginality” (Fin De Siècle Beirut: The Making of an
Ottoman Provincial Capital, Chapter VII)
Presentation: Çelik, Zeynep. The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the
Nineteenth Century.
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AUGUST 15- LECTURE XIV: OTTOMAN CITIES AFTER 1908 REVOLUTION AND WWI
Leila Hudson, “Bab Al Harb: On Capital in Crisis: 1908-1918” (Transforming Damascus Space and
Modernity in an Islamic City, Chapter VIII)
Watenpaugh, “Being Modern in a Time of Revolution” (Being Modern in the Middle East:
Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class, Chapter I)
Nadir Özbek, “Defining the Public Sphere During the Late Ottoman Empire: War, Mass
Mobilization and the Young Turk Regime (1908-18)”
Presentation: Ryan Gingeras. Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman
Empire, 1912-1923.
FINAL EXAM (TBA)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Üner Turgay, “Trade and Merchants in Nineteenth Century Trabzon: Elements of Ethnic
Conflict”. In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society,
edited by Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis: 287-317. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers,
1982.
Abu-Lughod, Janet. “The Islamic City. The Historical Myth, The Islamic Essence and
Contemporary Relevance”: 155-176. IJMES (May, 1997).
Anastasopoulos, Antonis. “Mixed Elite of A Balkan Town: Karaferye in the Second Half of the
Eighteenth Century”. In Provincial Elites in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Anastasopoulos,
Antonis: 259-268. Halcyon Days in Crete V.A. Syposium Held in Rethymno, 10-12 January 2003.
Rethymno: Crete University Press, 2005.
Arnaud, Jean Luc. “Tradition and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century Modernization of the
Cities of the Ottoman Empire (1800-1920). In Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1, The Near
and Middle East: The City in the Islamic World. Vol. II, edited by H. Altenmüller, B. Hrouda and et
al. : 953-975. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2008.
Carney, Gavin, “Historical Introduction: Abdulhamid’s Gift Albums As An Imperial Self
Portrait”. Journal of Turkish Studies (1988): 3-22
Chalcraft, John T. The Striking Cabbies of Cairo and Other Stories Crafts and Guilds in Egypt,
1863-1914. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2004.
8
Çelik Zeynep and Diane Favro. “Medhods of Urban History”. Journal of Architectural Education
(1984-), Vol. 41, No. 3, Urban History in the 1980s (Spring, 1988): 4-9.
Çelik, Zeynep. “New Approaches to the ‘Non-Western’ City”. Journal of the Society of
Architectural Historians, Vol. 58, No. 3, Architectural History 1999/2000 (Sep. 1999): 374-81.
Çelik, Zeynep. The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century.
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986.
Davison, Roderic H. “Provincial Government: Midhat Paşa and Vilayet Sistem of 1864 and 1867”.
In Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Deringil Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the
Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998.
Dostoğlu, Neslihan Türkün and Elif Özlem Oral. “The Physical Transformation of the Ottoman
Capital of Bursa from Tanzimat to Republic”. In 7 Centuries of Ottoman Architecture: “A SupraNational Heritage”, edited by Nur Akın, Afife Batur and Selçuk Batur: 234-243. Istanbul: Yem
Yayın Yapı Endüstri Merkezi Publications, 1999.
Downes, Brant William. Constructing the Modern Ottoman Waterfront: Salonica and Beirut in
the Late Nineteenth Century. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 2008.
Duben, Alan, and Cem Behar. Istanbul Households: Marriage, Family, and Fertility, 1880-1940.
Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Eldem, Ethem, Bruce Masters, Daniel Goffman eds. The Ottoman City Between East and West.
UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Exertzoglou, Haris. “The Cultural Issues of Consumption: Negotiating Class, Gender, and Nation
in the Ottoman Urban Centers During the 19th Century”. IJMES 35 (2003): 77-101.
Faroqhi, Suraiya. Towns and Townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia: Trade, Crafts, and Food
Production in an Urban Setting, 1520-1650. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University
Press, 1984.
Gerber, Haim. “Ottoman Civil Society and Modern Turkish Democracy”. In Ottoman Past and
Today’s Turkey, edited by Kemal Karpat: 133-149. (Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, 2000).
9
Gingeras, Ryan. Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 19121923. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Goffman, Daniel, “İzmir: from village to Colonial Port City”. In The Ottoman City Between East
and West, edited by Ethem Eldem, Bruce Masters and Daniel Goffman: 79-134. UK: Cambridge
University Press, 1999.
Hanna, Nelly. Artisan Entrepreneurs in Cairo and Early-Modern Capitalism (1600-1800).
Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2011.
Hanssen, Jens. “Practices of Integration-Center-Periphery Relations in the Ottoman Empire” In
The Empire in the City: Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman Empire, edited by Jens
Hanssen, Thomas Philipp, and Stefan Weber: 49-74. Würzburg: Ergon in Kommission, 2002.
Hanssen, Jens. Fin De Siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 2005.
Herzog Christoph, “Migration and the state: On Ottoman regulations concerning migration since
the age of Mahmud II”. In The City in the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the Making of Urban
Modernity, edited by Ulrike Freitag, et al: 117-134. London: Routledge, 2011.
Hudson, Leila. Transforming Damascus Space and Modernity in an Islamic City. London: Tauris
Academic Studies, 2008.
Issawi, Charles Philip. “British Trade and the Rise of Beirut 1830-1860”. IJMES 8 (1977): 91-101.
Karpat, Kemal. “Ottoman Population Records and Census of 1881/82-1893”. IJMES 9 (1978):
237-74.
Kasaba, Reşat. The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The Nineteenth Century. Albany:
State University of New York Press, 1988.
Khater, Akram Fouad. "“House” to “Goddess of the House”: Gender, Class, and Silk in 19thCentury Mount Lebanon". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 28, no. 03 (1996): 325348.
Khater, Akram Fouad. Inventing Home. Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon,
1870-1920. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2001.
10
Khoury, Dina Rızk . “Political Relations Between City and State in the Middle East, 1700-1850”.
The Urban Social History of the Middle East, 1750-1950, edited by Peter Sluglett: 67-103.
Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2008.
Makdisi, Ussama. “Rethinking Ottoman Imperialism: Modernity, Violence and Cultural Logic of
Ottoman Reform”. In The Empire in the City: Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman
Empire, edited by Jens Hanssen, Thomas Philipp, and Stefan Weber: 29-48. Würzburg: Ergon in
Kommission, 2002.
Mazower, Mark. Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 1430-1950. New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
Neumann, Christopher K. “Ottoman Provincial Towns in the Eighteenth to the Nineteenth
Centuries”. In The Empire in the City: Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman Empire,
edited by Jens Hanssen, Thomas Philipp, and Stefan Weber: 131-144. Würzburg: Ergon in
Kommission, 2002.
Özbek, Nadir. 2008. "Policing the Countryside: Gendarmes of the Late 19th-Century Ottoman
Empire (1876-1908)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 40, no. 1: 47-67.
Özbek, Nadir. “Defining the Public Sphere During the Late Ottoman Empire: War, Mass
Mobilization and the Young Turk Regime (1908-18). Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 43, No.5
(September 2007): 795-809.
Petrov, Milen V. "Everyday Forms of Compliance: Subaltern Commentaries on Ottoman Reform,
1864-1868". Comparative Studies in Society and History : an International Quarterly (2004).
Riedler Florian. “Armenian labor migration to Istanbul and migration crisis of the 1890s”. In The
City in the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the Making of Urban Modernity, edited by Ulrike
Freitag, et al: 218-227. London: Routledge, 2011.
Tezcan, Baki. “The Second Empire: The Transformation of the Ottoman Polity in the Early
Modern Era”. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol 29, 3 (2009):
446-472.
Okuefuna, David. The Wonderful World of Albert Kahn: Colour Photographs from a Lost Age.
London: BBC, 2008.
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Quataert, Donald “Ottoman Women, Households, and Textile Manufacturing 1800-1914” in
Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 1730-1914, edited by Donald
Quatert: 81-96. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993.
Quataert, Donald “Ottoman Workers and the State” in Workers, Peasants and Economic Change
in the Ottoman Empire 1730-1914, edited by Donald Quatert: 141-158. Istanbul: ISIS Press,
1993.
Quataert, Donald. “Labor and Working Class History during the Late Ottoman Period, c.18001914” in Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 1730-1914, edited by
Donald Quatert: 185-196. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993.
Quataert, Donald. “Machine Breaking and the Changing Carpet Industry of Western Anatolia
1860-1908”. In Workers, Peasants and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 1730-1914,
edited by Donald Quatert: 117-136. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993.
Roberts, Mary. “Geneologies of Display: Cross Cultural Networks at the 1880s Istanbul
Exhibitions.” In The Poetics and Politics of Place: Ottoman Istanbul and British Orientalism,
edited by İnankur, Zeynep, Reina Lewis, and Mary Roberts: 127-142. Istanbul: Pera Müzesi, 2011
Rosenthal, Steven T. The Politics of Dependency: Urban Reform in Istanbul. Westport, Conn:
Greenwood Press, 1980.
Shields, Sarah D. “Interdependent Spaces: Relations Between the City and Countryside in the
Nineteenth Century” The Urban Social History of the Middle East, 1750-1950, edited by Sluglett,
Peter: 43-66. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2008.
St. Laurent, Beatrice. “Ottomanization and Modernization: The Architectural and Urban
Development of Bursa and the Genesis of Tradition, 1839-1914”. Thesis (Ph. D.) Harvard
University, 1989.
Toksöz, Meltem. Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean The Making of the
Adana-Mersin Region 1850-1908. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
Toksöz, Meltem. “Multiplicity or Polarity? A Discusive Analysis of post-1908 violence in an
Ottoman Region”. In Untold Histories of the Middle East Recovering Voices from the 19th and
20th Centuries, edited by Amy Singer, Christoph K. Neumann, and Selçuk Akşin Somel: 214228. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
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Watenpaugh, Keith David. Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism,
Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006.
Yazbak, Maḥmūd. Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864-1914: A Muslim Town in Transition.
Leiden: Brill, 1998.
Yenişehirlioğlu, Filiz. “Mersin: Formation of a Tanzimat City in Southern Turkey”. In The Empire
in the City: Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman Empire, edited by Jens Hanssen, Thomas
Philipp, and Stefan Weber: 253-274. Würzburg: Ergon in Kommission, 2002.
Zandi-Sayek, Sibel. Ottoman Izmir: The Rise of a Cosmopolitan Port, 1840-1880. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 2012.
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