Teacher Notes for Unit 1 Matter
Matter What’s a matter?
What is Chemistry? - The study of the properties, structure, and interactions of matter.
What is Matter? - Anything that has mass and occupies space
material is any specific type of matter.
-Metal, plastic, leather, organic (made of carbon), soil, etc., are different materials.
Properties of Matter
Qualitative
Qualities (descriptions, observations) of matter
Color
Shape
Texture
Appearance
Smell
Personality
Quantitative
Quantities (measurements) of matter
Volume
Mass
Length
Width
Age
Weight
Example – A Picture
Qualitative
Blue/green color,
Gold frame
Smells old and musty
Texture shows brush strokes of oil paint
Peaceful scene of the country
Quantitative
Picture is 10" by 14"
Frame is 14" by 18“
Weighs 8.5 pounds
Surface area of painting is 140 square inches
$300
Extensive vs. Intensive Properties
Extensive
A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample.
- mass
-volume
Intensive
A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
- Hardness
- Density
- Melting point
-What is an Element?
Made up of only one kind of atom.
All hydrogen, all carbon, etc.
Can’t be broken down into a “simpler” element
What is an Atom?
The smallest particle of an element that has characteristics of that element
Building block of matter!
Pure Substances
Materials made of one element
All one type of atom
Ex: Copper is made of only copper atoms
Materials made of one compound
Composed of more than one type of atom.
Ex: Pure liquid water is made of only H2O compounds (two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom)
What is a molecule
a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take
part in a chemical reaction.
All compounds are molecules but all molecules are not compounds
Mixtures: Two types
A material composed of two or more materials which keep their own properties
Homogeneous mixtures
Uniform – same throughout
Any sample taken from a mixture would be identical to every other sample.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Not uniform.
A sample from one portion of a mixture would not be identical to a sample from another portion
Examples of Homogeneous Mixtures
Solutions
Kool-Aid compounds present throughout solution.
After it is made, you do not need to stir or shake Kool-Aid before drinking.
Two Parts to a Solution
Solute: What gets dissolved
Solvent: What does the dissolving
Examples of Heterogeneous Mixtures
Suspensions
In pulpy lemonade, large particles will separate if left standing.
Even after it’s made, you still need to stir or shake lemonade before drinking.
Matter Comes in Different Forms (States)!
States of Matter
Solid
Lowest energy.
Definite shape and volume
States of Matter
Liquid:
More energy than solid.
Definite volume
Takes the shape of the container
States of Matter
Gas:
More energy than liquid.
Takes the shape and volume of container
Other States of Matter
Bose-Einstein Condensate:
A dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero
Other States of Matter
Plasma:
Matter at the very high temperatures and pressures
Typically occur on the Sun, or during re-entry from space.
Takes the shape/volume of container.
Responds to and generates electromagnetic forces
How Does Matter Change States?
Phase Change Diagram
Energy and Phase Changes
Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change
Endothermic – the system absorbs energy (think energy in (endo)
Exothermic – The system releases energy to its surroundings (think energy out – exo)
Melting and Freezing
The arrangement of molecules in water becomes less orderly as water melts and more orderly as water freezes.
Melting – Solid to liquid (endothermic)
Freeze – Liquid to Solid (exothermic)
Vaporization
Vaporization – the phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
Evaporation – process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below the substance’s boiling
point.
Boiling point – the temperature when the vapor pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. (When some
molecules in liquid have enough energy to break away as a gas)
This is an endothermic process
Condensation
Phase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid
This is an exothermic process
Sublimation and Deposition
Sublimation – the phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid
first. (endothermic)
Deposition - The phase change when a gas or vapor changes directly into a solid without fist changing to a liquid
(exothermic)
What is Heat?
Heat is energy transferred because of a temperature difference!
Is Energy Matter?
There is no such thing as a heat molecule.
Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical or physical reactions.
Atoms are only rearranged.