Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 1 of 14
Appendix S7. Summary statistics for variables and model selection statistics
Table S7_1. Summary statistics for study variables based on total or mean ( 1SD) values per study (N = 39).
# Studies # Sites Wild Abundance*Wild Richness* Honey bees*
Biome†
Total Mean SD Mean
SD Mean SD Mean SD
Tropical/Subtropical 10
11.80 6.85 72.13 120.72 5.00 6.53 57.13 73.41
Mediterranean
8
16.88 8.08 27.44 23.91 4.71 2.94 77.63 101.62
Temperate
21
16.76 9.55 58.26 128.41 9.43 6.56 57.68 63.95
All Biomes
39
15.51 8.90 55.49 113.88 7.27 6.39 61.21 75.11
†See Table 1 for biome definitions.
*Based on mean estimates per site (see Table 1 for total bee taxa per crop system).
# Sites per FT # Sites per FD
LLI
Conv Organic Simple Diverse Mean SD
108
10
88
30
0.12 0.16
96
39
109
26
0.04 0.01
310
42
235
117 0.11 0.10
514
91
432
173 0.10 0.11
PARA_MN
Mean SD
554.42 275.42
913.62 77.56
666.33 279.91
688.36 279.54
ENN_CV
IJI
Mean SD Mean SD
105.71 44.98 63.33 10.19
150.17 10.70 60.00 6.94
110.23 34.31 64.85 9.72
117.26 38.20 63.46 9.53
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 2 of 14
Table S7_2. Summary of model selection statistics for wild bee abundance and richness as a
function of local and landscape variables. K is the number of parameters included in the model
(including fixed and random effects); Deviance is -2 times the logarithm of the probability of the
data given the estimated model parameters and is a statistical summary of model fit; AIC is
Akaike’s Information Criterion and AICc is AIC adjusted for finite sample size, which judge a
model by how close its fitted values are to true values and can be interpreted as the weight of
evidence in favor of model i being the best model for the data with respect to the entire model
set; AICc is the difference in AICc value for model i when compared with the top ranked
model; wi is the Akaike weight of model i, which is interpreted as the probability that model i is
the best model of those considered in the entire model set. The sum of the Akaike weights for all
models in the model set = 1. All models that had any weight within the candidate model set are
displayed, but models denoted by  fell outside of the 95% confidence set (w  0.95). Models
in bold are within 2 AIC units of the top model, and considered to have substantial and equal
model support (‘top models’). The global model was bee abundance or richness = f (LLI*FT +
LLI*FD + FT*FD + LLI*PARA_MN + FT*PARA_MN + FD*PARA_MN + LLI*ENN_CV +
FT*ENN_CV + FD*ENN_CV + LLI*IJI + FT*IJI + FD*IJI), with study and site-within-study
treated as random effects (1Study/Site). * indicates main effects plus their interaction. Model #
corresponds to the model specified in the candidate model set (Appendix S6). LLI = Lonsdorf
landscape index (an ecologically-scaled index of landscape composition); FT = Field type
(conventional vs. organic); FD = Field-scale diversity (locally simple vs. locally diverse);
PARA_MN = perimeter-area ratio distribution (measure of patch shape); ENN_CV = Euclidean
nearest neighbor distance distribution (measure of inter-patch connectivity); and IJI =
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 3 of 14
interspersion & juxtaposition index (measure of habitat aggregation).
Model # Model structure
K
Deviance
AICc
∆AICc
w
Total bee abundance
78 FT*FD+LLI
58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV
7
LLI+FT+FD
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
77 LLI*FD+FT
76 LLI*FT+FD
80 LLI*FT+FT*FD
62 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
60 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
57 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
61 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
63 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
101 LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
105 LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
115 LLI*ENN_CV+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
109 FT*PARA_MN +LLI+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
108 LLI*PARA_MN+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
117 FD*ENN_CV+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+IJI
116 FT*ENN_CV+LLI+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
124 FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
122 LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
8
8
7
9
8
8
9
9
8
9
9
8
10
11
12
9
10
11
12
11
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
13
11
11
11
1771.37
1771.89
1774.21
1770.20
1772.80
1772.90
1771.26
1771.32
1773.40
1771.84
1771.85
1774.14
1770.17
1768.14
1767.08
1773.30
1771.26
1769.25
1767.78
1769.96
1768.38
1770.45
1770.49
1770.66
1770.69
1770.77
1771.01
1766.87
1771.07
1771.12
1771.24
1787.57
1788.09
1788.37
1788.45
1789.00
1789.10
1789.51
1789.57
1789.60
1790.09
1790.10
1790.34
1790.48
1790.51
1791.52
1791.55
1791.57
1791.62
1792.22
1792.33
1792.82
1792.82
1792.86
1793.03
1793.07
1793.14
1793.38
1793.38
1793.44
1793.50
1793.61
0.00
0.52
0.79
0.88
1.43
1.52
1.94
2.00
2.03
2.52
2.53
2.76
2.90
2.94
3.94
3.98
4.00
4.05
4.65
4.76
5.25
5.25
5.29
5.46
5.49
5.56
5.80
5.81
5.86
5.92
6.04
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Social bee abundance
58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV
62 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
60 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
115 LLI*ENN_CV+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
109 FT*PARA_MN+LLI+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
63 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
118 LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
116 FT*ENN_CV +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
117 FD*ENN_CV+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+IJI
8
9
9
11
11
10
12
11
11
11
11
1847.00
1845.75
1847.00
1843.54
1843.59
1845.73
1841.71
1844.11
1844.35
1844.40
1844.59
1863.21
1864.00
1865.25
1865.92
1865.97
1866.04
1866.15
1866.48
1866.72
1866.77
1866.96
0.00
0.80
2.05
2.71
2.76
2.84
2.95
3.28
3.52
3.56
3.76
0.17
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03




Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
110
103
122
125
108
113
119
127
120
111
101
124
121
106
128
104
112
105
126
114
7
59
FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI*PARA_MN+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+FT+PARA_MN+IJI
FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI+PARA_MN+IJI
LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+PARA_MN+IJI
LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI+FT+FD
LLI+FT+FD+IJI
Solitary bee abundance
76 LLI*FT+FD
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
80 LLI*FT+FT*FD
6
FT+FD
66 FT*FD
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
36 FT+FD+PARA_MN
38 FT+FD+IJI
7
LLI+FT+FD
37 FT+FD+ENN_CV
78 FT*FD+LLI
101 LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
77 LLI*FD+FT
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
40 FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
57 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN
39 FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI
41 FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV
105 LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
61 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI
42 FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
Page 4 of 14
11
11
11
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
13
12
13
12
12
12
12
13
7
8
1844.86
1845.14
1845.16
1843.35
1845.43
1843.39
1843.42
1843.42
1843.46
1843.53
1845.66
1845.73
1841.71
1843.90
1842.01
1844.39
1844.69
1845.12
1845.14
1843.35
1855.78
1853.85
1867.23
1867.52
1867.53
1867.79
1867.80
1867.83
1867.86
1867.86
1867.90
1867.97
1868.03
1868.10
1868.22
1868.34
1868.53
1868.83
1869.13
1869.56
1869.58
1869.86
1869.94
1870.05
4.02
4.31
4.33
4.58
4.60
4.63
4.65
4.65
4.70
4.77
4.83
4.90
5.01
5.13
5.32
5.62
5.92
6.36
6.37
6.66
6.73
6.84
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01 
0.01 
8
9
9
6
7
10
7
7
7
7
8
11
8
9
8
8
8
12
8
8
8
12
9
9
1758.60
1757.98
1758.60
1765.47
1763.60
1757.97
1764.71
1765.25
1765.36
1765.43
1763.45
1757.53
1764.00
1762.27
1764.54
1764.59
1764.65
1756.89
1765.14
1765.23
1765.32
1757.53
1764.41
1764.50
1774.80
1776.23
1776.85
1777.58
1777.76
1778.28
1778.87
1779.41
1779.51
1779.59
1779.65
1779.91
1780.21
1780.52
1780.74
1780.79
1780.85
1781.33
1781.34
1781.43
1781.52
1781.97
1782.66
1782.75
0.00
1.43
2.05
2.78
2.96
3.48
4.06
4.60
4.71
4.78
4.85
5.10
5.40
5.71
5.93
5.98
6.05
6.52
6.53
6.63
6.72
7.17
7.86
7.94
0.27
0.13
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01 
0.01 
0.01 
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 5 of 14
Total bee richness
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
77 LLI*FD+FT
106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
64 LLI*FT
9
10
9
8
12
12
13
11
7
969.46
969.02
971.11
973.74
965.85
966.98
965.01
970.53
981.56
987.72
989.34
989.37
989.95
990.30
991.43
991.54
992.91
995.72
0.00
1.62
1.65
2.23
2.58
3.71
3.82
5.19
8.00
0.34
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.03 
0.01 
Social bee richness
77 LLI*FD+FT
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
130 LLI*FD+FD*PARA_MN+FD*ENN_CV+FD*IJI+FT
102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
114 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
86 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
111 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
113 FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI
44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV
46 LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
4
LLI+FT
8
9
14
11
12
10
9
13
12
13
12
11
11
12
12
7
8
6
845.44
843.97
833.72
840.23
838.53
843.12
845.41
837.26
839.73
838.11
840.22
842.67
844.13
842.64
842.71
853.40
851.69
856.64
861.65
862.23
862.33
862.61
862.98
863.44
863.67
863.79
864.19
864.64
864.67
865.06
866.52
867.09
867.16
867.56
867.90
868.76
0.00
0.58
0.68
0.96
1.33
1.79
2.02
2.14
2.54
2.99
3.02
3.41
4.87
5.44
5.52
5.91
6.25
7.12
0.16
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Solitary bee richness
76 LLI*FT+FD
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
80 LLI*FT+FT*FD
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
101 LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
66 FT*FD
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
78 FT*FD+LLI
129 LLI*FT+LLI*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FD
105 LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
64 LLI*FT
107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
6
FT+FD
77 LLI*FD+FT
37 FT+FD+ENN_CV
7
LLI+FT+FD
8
9
9
10
11
7
9
12
8
14
12
7
13
6
8
7
7
1058.39
1057.10
1057.57
1056.24
1055.32
1063.86
1060.29
1054.13
1062.39
1050.02
1054.57
1065.60
1053.34
1069.03
1065.34
1067.80
1067.83
1074.60
1075.36
1075.83
1076.56
1077.70
1078.02
1078.55
1078.58
1078.59
1078.63
1079.02
1079.76
1079.86
1081.15
1081.54
1081.96
1081.99
0.00
0.76
1.24
1.97
3.11
3.42
3.96
3.99
4.00
4.03
4.43
5.16
5.27
6.55
6.95
7.37
7.40
0.24
0.17
0.13
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Model # Model structure
Bee abundance - Tropical and subtropical biomes
73 LLI*IJI
98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
122 LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
95 LLI*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
99 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
129 LLI*FT+LLI*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FD
LLI*FT+LLI*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV
132 +FT*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI
7
LLI+FT+FD
4
LLI+FT
Bee abundance - Mediterranean biome
110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
113 FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI
130 LLI*FD+FD*PARA_MN+FD*ENN_CV+FD*IJI+FT
112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
114 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
78 FT*FD+LLI
87 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
109 FT*PARA_MN +LLI+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
99 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
FT*FD+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_
131 CV+ FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI
80 LLI*FT+FT*FD
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
5
LLI+FD
7
LLI+FT+FD
128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
111 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV
59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI
45 LLI+FT+IJI
4
LLI+FT
52 LLI+FD+IJI
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV
103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*FD+FT*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN
+LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*
134 IJI
48 LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
Page 6 of 14
K
Deviance
AICc
∆AICc
w
7
11
12
11
9
12
13
11
14
305.63
299.82
297.58
300.55
305.47
299.46
297.16
302.61
295.39
320.47
323.86
324.00
324.58
324.84
325.88
326.00
326.64
326.69
0.00
3.39
3.53
4.11
4.37
5.41
5.53
6.17
6.22
0.51
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
18
7
6
286.12
314.45
316.89
327.68
329.29
329.51
7.21
8.82
9.04
0.01
0.01
0.01 
11
12
14
12
13
8
11
12
11
11
401.94
399.85
396.16
401.34
399.26
411.47
404.68
402.99
405.42
405.96
426.00
426.31
427.52
427.79
428.15
428.57
428.74
429.45
429.48
430.03
0.00
0.31
1.52
1.79
2.15
2.57
2.74
3.44
3.48
4.02
0.18
0.15
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
17
9
9
6
7
13
12
7
8
7
6
7
10
8
11
391.56
411.26
411.34
418.94
416.73
402.84
405.38
417.15
414.93
417.29
419.52
417.38
410.56
415.24
408.36
430.58
430.65
430.72
431.57
431.58
431.73
431.83
432.00
432.03
432.14
432.15
432.23
432.27
432.34
432.42
4.58
4.64
4.72
5.57
5.58
5.73
5.83
5.99
6.03
6.14
6.15
6.22
6.27
6.34
6.42
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
21
8
382.76
415.78
432.59
432.88
6.59
6.88
0.01
0.01
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Bee abundance - Other temperate biomes
100 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
127 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
74 FT*IJI
124 FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
66 FT*FD
64 LLI*FT
78 FT*FD+LLI
FT*FD+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_
131 CV+ FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI
76 LLI*FT+FD
96 FT*IJI +PARA_MN+ENN_CV
126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI*FT+FT*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN
+LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*
133 IJI
129 LLI*FT+LLI*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FD
80 LLI*FT+FT*FD
123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
68 FT*PARA_MN
2
FT
22 FT+PARA_MN
98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
36 FT+FD+PARA_MN
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
6
FT+FD
Bee richness - Tropical and subtropical biomes
73 LLI*IJI
77 LLI*FD+FT
65 LLI*FD
95 LLI*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
67 LLI*PARA_MN
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
16 LLI+ENN_CV
4
LLI+FT
1
LLI
44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV
112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
5
LLI+FD
7
LLI+FT+FD
51 LLI+FD+ENN_CV
70 LLI*ENN_CV
122 LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
15 LLI+PARA_MN
18 LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
20 LLI+ENN_CV+IJI
Page 7 of 14
11
12
13
7
11
7
7
8
968.41
967.96
967.96
981.23
973.29
981.76
982.61
980.62
991.03
992.70
994.81
995.49
995.91
996.02
996.87
996.95
0.00
1.67
3.78
4.46
4.88
4.99
5.84
5.92
0.37
0.16
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
17
8
9
12
962.00
981.22
979.19
973.25
997.45
997.55
997.61
997.98
6.42
6.52
6.58
6.95
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
21
14
9
11
9
7
5
6
11
12
7
9
6
953.95
969.43
980.26
976.20
980.46
984.62
988.91
986.88
976.63
974.67
985.20
981.19
987.45
998.16
998.42
998.68
998.82
998.88
998.88
999.05
999.07
999.25
999.40
999.46
999.61
999.64
7.13
7.39
7.65
7.79
7.85
7.85
8.02
8.04
8.22
8.37
8.43
8.58
8.61
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
7
8
7
9
7
9
9
6
6
5
7
12
10
11
6
7
7
7
11
6
7
7
136.35
136.27
138.84
134.93
140.01
135.89
136.21
143.08
143.32
145.53
141.16
130.16
135.19
133.14
144.64
142.69
142.70
142.90
133.75
145.17
142.96
143.08
151.19
153.35
153.67
154.29
154.84
155.25
155.57
155.71
155.95
155.98
156.00
156.58
156.87
157.17
157.26
157.52
157.54
157.74
157.78
157.79
157.79
157.91
0.00
2.16
2.49
3.10
3.66
4.06
4.39
4.52
4.76
4.79
4.81
5.39
5.68
5.99
6.07
6.34
6.35
6.55
6.59
6.61
6.61
6.72
0.26
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
43
58
45
64
17
86
46
48
83
99
108
87
114
102
128
LLI+FT+PARA_MN
LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV
LLI+FT+IJI
LLI*FT
LLI+IJI
LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
LLI*PARA_MN+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
Bee richness - Mediterranean biome
126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
130 LLI*FD+FD*PARA_MN+FD*ENN_CV+FD*IJI+FT
128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
78 FT*FD+LLI
112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
99 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
113 FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
FT*FD+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_
131 CV+ FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI
4
LLI+FT
80 LLI*FT+FT*FD
45 LLI+FT+IJI
98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
7
LLI+FT+FD
124 FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI
114 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
43 LLI+FT+PARA_MN
77 LLI*FD+FT
125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
64 LLI*FT
LLI*FD+FT*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN
+LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*
134 IJI
47 LLI+FT+PARA_MN+IJI
48 LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI
44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV
103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
Page 8 of 14
7
8
7
7
6
11
8
8
9
11
11
11
13
11
13
143.10
140.92
143.27
143.28
145.52
134.14
141.10
141.12
138.93
134.49
134.62
134.73
130.01
134.82
130.15
157.93
158.00
158.10
158.12
158.14
158.17
158.18
158.20
158.30
158.53
158.65
158.76
158.85
158.86
159.00
6.75
6.81
6.92
6.93
6.96
6.98
7.00
7.02
7.11
7.34
7.46
7.57
7.67
7.67
7.81
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01 
12
14
13
11
8
12
9
11
12
10
151.98
148.34
151.85
156.89
164.70
156.47
163.69
159.07
156.75
161.54
178.44
179.70
180.74
180.96
181.80
182.92
183.08
183.13
183.21
183.25
0.00
1.26
2.31
2.52
3.37
4.49
4.64
4.69
4.77
4.81
0.26
0.14
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
17
6
9
7
11
7
11
8
13
7
8
12
7
144.73
171.15
164.43
169.04
159.95
169.84
160.90
168.07
156.32
170.54
168.64
159.28
170.97
183.74
183.78
183.81
183.89
184.02
184.69
184.96
185.17
185.21
185.39
185.74
185.74
185.82
5.31
5.35
5.37
5.46
5.58
6.25
6.52
6.73
6.77
6.96
7.30
7.30
7.38
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
21
8
8
7
11
13
9
135.99
168.75
168.84
171.14
162.08
157.41
166.97
185.82
185.85
185.94
185.99
186.15
186.30
186.35
7.38
7.42
7.51
7.56
7.71
7.86
7.91
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01 
0.01 
0.01 
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Bee richness - Other temperate biomes
74 FT*IJI
96 FT*IJI +PARA_MN+ENN_CV
100 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
66 FT*FD
127 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
68 FT*PARA_MN
78 FT*FD+LLI
123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
81 LLI*FD+FT*FD
84 FT*PARA_MN +ENN_CV+IJI
64 LLI*FT
128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
80 LLI*FT+FT*FD
76 LLI*FT+FD
86 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD
125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV
103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD
106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI
7
9
11
7
12
7
8
11
11
9
9
7
13
9
8
11
9
12
11
10
12
615.63
614.22
611.10
619.85
610.86
621.43
619.47
613.38
613.84
618.13
618.58
622.78
610.68
619.36
621.54
615.28
619.56
613.34
615.71
617.94
613.96
Page 9 of 14
629.90
632.66
633.75
634.12
635.63
635.70
635.82
636.02
636.49
636.57
637.02
637.05
637.57
637.80
637.89
637.93
638.00
638.10
638.35
638.48
638.73
0.00
2.76
3.85
4.22
5.73
5.81
5.93
6.13
6.59
6.67
7.12
7.16
7.68
7.91
8.00
8.03
8.10
8.21
8.46
8.58
8.83
0.46
0.12
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01 
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 10 of 14
Figure S7_1. Response to landscape composition (Lonsdorf landscape index, LLI) of total, social and solitary wild bee abundance and
richness on organic, locally diverse fields versus conventional, locally simple fields. Estimates are based on model-averaged partial
regression coefficients (and unconditional 95% CIs) for all studies (N = 39) for important main effects (E (abundance, richness) = ƒ
(LLI + FT + FD)) (see also Table 2). Organic, locally diverse: black circles and dashed line (CIs outlined by dashed line with light
grey shading); Conventional, locally simple: triangles and grey solid line (CIs with dark grey shading). Note that y-axis scales vary by
bee response measures; relationships between LLI = 0 up to 0.60 are graphed (even though LLI = 1.0 is the theoretical maximum)
because 0.61 was the maximum score derived for empirical study landscapes.
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 11 of 14
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 12 of 14
Figure S7_2. Percent change in wild bee abundance and richness per 0.1 incremental increase in
the Lonsdorf landscape index (LLI) in relation to (a) field-scale diversity, FD (locally simple vs.
locally diverse) and (b) field type, FT (conventional vs. organic) and (c) percent change in bee
abundance and richness on locally simple and diverse fields on organic relative to conventional
fields. Estimates based on model-averaged partial regression coefficients (and unconditional
95% CIs) for important main effects plus each individual target interaction (E(abundance,
richness) = ƒ (LLI + FT + FD) + (LLI:FD or LLI:FT or FT:FD, respectively); * denotes two-way
interaction with unconditional 95% CIs around model-averaged partial slope coefficient that did
not include 0 (asymmetric CIs due to exponential relationship) (see Table 2).
(a)
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
(b)
(c)
Page 13 of 14
Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators
Page 14 of 14
Figure S7_3. Percent change in wild bee abundance in tropical and subtropical studies (N = 10)
per 0.1 increase in the Lonsdorf landscape index (LLI) in relation to landscape configuration
(interspersion & juxtaposition index, IJI). Across studies, IJI ranged from 0 to 95.91 (mean =
63.33) (theoretical IJI range: 0-100) (Table S7_1). Estimates based on model-averaged partial
regression coefficients (and unconditional 90% CIs) for important main effects plus target
interaction (E(abundance) = ƒ (LLI + IJI+ LLI:IJI). 90% CIs around model-averaged partial
slope coefficient did not include 0 (asymmetric CIs due to exponential relationship) (see Table
3). Significant interaction between LLI:IJI indicates that maximum bee abundance is achieved
with high LLI and IJI values, and effect of LLI is greater with increasing IJI values.
350%
% Change in Bee Abundance-Tropical
per 0.1 Increase in LLI
300%
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
IJI = 0
IJI = 10
IJI = 50