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Supporting Information
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Freshwater Biology
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Unifying research on the beta diversity-environmental heterogeneity
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relationship in running water systems
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Jani Heino, Adriano S. Melo & Luis Mauricio Bini
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Table S1. Comparisons of three recent empirical studies on the BDEHR in stream invertebrates.
Overall spatial level refers to the geographical area encompassing all region units in a study. Region
unit level refers to a region unit within which local communities were situated, and beta diversity
and habitat heterogeneity were measured. Grain size refers to a locality harbouring a local
community. Mechanisms refer to the most important mechanisms that can be expected to occur at
the spatial level of the region unit in each of the three studies.
Spatial scale
Study
Heino et al. (2013)
Astorga et al. (2014)
Bini et al. (2014)
Overall spatial level
Region Unit level
Grain size
Landscape
Stream
Riffle site
Regional
Drainage basin
Riffle site
Continental
Ecoregion
Riffle site
Mechanisms within a region unit
Study
Species sorting
Mass effects
Dispersal limitation
Heino et al. (2013)
Likely
Very likely
Unlikely
Astorga et al. (2014)
Likely
Probable
Probable
Bini et al. (2014)
Likely
Unlikely
Likely
Dataset characteristics
Study
Number of region units
No. of localities
Localities per region unit
Heino et al. (2013)
10
100
10
Astorga et al. (2014)
8
120
15
Bini et al. (2014)
30
689
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Dataset characteristics
Study
Heino et al. (2013)
Astorga et al. (2014)
Bini et al. (2014)
No. of taxa
Habitat heterogeneity
Chironomids included
168
Overall
Yes
?
Key variables only
No
606
Overall
Yes
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Fig. S1. A test of the effect of using all environmental variables and key environmental variables
only for calculating environmental heterogeneity among sites (average Euclidean distance to
centroid) within a region unit. Also, shown are tests of removing an important taxonomic group
(Diptera: Chironomidae) from the analyses of average biological distance to centroid (SØrensen
dissimilarity coefficient, range: 0-1). The example data are from Heino et al. (2013). Subfigure (a)
shows the relationship between beta diversity (all invertebrate species) and environmental
heterogeneity (all environmental variables), (b) shows the relationship between beta diversity
(Chironomidae omitted) and environmental heterogeneity (all environmental variables), (c) shows
the relationship between beta diversity (all invertebrate species) and environmental heterogeneity
(key five environmental variables), and (d) shows the relationship between beta diversity
(Chironomidae omitted) and environmental heterogeneity (key five environmental variables).
Region unit = a stream, n = 10 streams.
0.35
0.35
b)
Average SØrensen distance to centroid
a)
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
F = 0.048, R2 = 0.006, P = 0.831
F = 0.017, R2 = 0.001, P = 0.920
0.10
0.10
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2
0.35
0.35
c)
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
2.5
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
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F = 0.576, R2 = 0.067, P = 0.469
2
0.10
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Average Euclidean distance to centroid
3
3.5
d)
F = 0.462, R2 = 0.055, P = 0.516
0.10
0.8
3
1.6
1.8
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References cited in Supporting Information
Astorga A., Death R., Death F., Paavola R., Chakraborty M. & Muotka T. (2014) Habitat
heterogeneity drives the geographical distribution of beta diversity: the case of New
Zealand stream invertebrates. Ecology and Evolution, 4, 2693–2702.
Bini L.M., Landeiro V.L., Padial A.A., Siqueira T. & Heino J. (2014) Nutrient enrichment is related
to two facets of beta diversity for stream invertebrates across the United States. Ecology, 95,
1569-1578.
Heino J., Grönroos M., Ilmonen J., Karhu T., Niva M. & Paasivirta L. (2013) Environmental
heterogeneity and beta diversity of stream macroinvertebrate communities at intermediate
spatial scales. Freshwater Science, 32, 142-154.
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