ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
CHAPTER 2
The Human Organism and The Power of Energy
(pp. 33-61)
1 What Is Energy (p. 34)
 ENERGY is the capacity to do _____________ or to produce ___________________.
Examples:

Lifting your arm involves _________________ which is a type of energy.

Melting ice and snow requires __________________ from the sun.
The SI unit for energy is the ___________________ (J).
1 _______________ (J) = 1 _________________ (N)  1 _________________ (m)
2 Forms of Energy (p. 35-41)
FORMS OF ENERGY AND POSSIBLE SOURCES
Energy Form
Energy Source
The sun
A wire spring
Power station
Fire
Light bulb
Living cell, food, gasoline
Moving vehicle, spinning fan blade
Wind
Music, sound
Waterfall
Nucleus of an atom
We’re now going to focus on four of these forms of energy: Thermal, radiant, chemical and
mechanical.
1
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
2.1 THERMAL ENERGY (p. 36)
 THERMAL ENERGY is the energy that comes from the random _________________
of the ___________________ that make up a substance.
The particles (atoms and molecules) in a substance are in constant random ________________
in all ____________________ and temperature is a measure of that _________________.
Thermal energy is associated with:
1. The _______________________ of the substance
2. The _______________________ of the substance or _________________ of particles
 The greater the ______________________ of the substance, the greater its thermal
energy.
 The greater the ______________________ of the substance, the greater its thermal
energy.
Examples of work or change that can be accomplished by thermal energy:

__________________ snow by the heat of the sun

Production of water vapour by a boiler of a steam ________________ to move a
_________________ forward

__________________ a hot-air balloon by heating the _________ inside the
balloon with a burner
2
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
2.2 RADIANT ENERGY (p. 37)
 RADIANT ENERGY is the kind of energy that is __________________ in and
_____________________ by _______________________________ waves.
Examples of things that produce radiant energy:

The _____________

A light_______________

________________

Molten __________________
Radiant energy comes from the electromagnetic spectrum which consists of various types of
electromagnetic _______________.
The difference between the various types of electromagnetic waves is their
_________________________ - the distance between two consecutive ________________ or
__________________.

Electromagnetic waves can transport ____________________ from one place to another.

The shorter the wavelength, the ________________ energy the wave can transport.
3
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
2.3 CHEMICAL ENERGY (p. 38)
 CHEMICAL ENERGY is the energy stored in the ________________ of a
____________________.
Chemical energy doesn’t release energy unless the ______________ holding the atoms together
are ___________________.
The more ________________ a molecule has, the ______________ energy it contains.
Examples of work or change that is accomplished when chemical energy is released:

Moving a car by burning _________________________

Producing light by burning a ____________________

Turning CO2 and H2O into glucose by __________________________

The energy to grow, move and think when the glucose in your food is
“burned” in a process called ______________________
_______________________.
2.4 MECHANICAL ENERGY (p. 39-41)
 MECHANICAL ENERGY is the energy that results from the _________________ of
an object, its _________________ and its ___________________ from the ground.
 The greater the ___________________ of the object, the ___________________ its ME.
 The greater the ___________________ of the object, the ___________________ its ME.
 The __________________ the object is off the ground, the ___________________ its ME.
____________ energy (movement of air) and ____________________ energy (movement of
water) are forms of mechanical energy.
Examples of work or change that is accomplished when chemical energy is released:

the creation of a _________________ when an asteroid hits the Earth.

the ___________________ of wind turbine blades by the wind

the ___________________ of a turbine at a hydroelectric power plant by a
waterfall
4
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
3 Energy Transformation and Transfer (p. 41-42)
 The TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY is the _____________________ of energy
from one form to _____________________.
Examples:

When a log of wood burns _____________________ energy is transformed into
_____________________ and ____________________ energy.

When you listen to music or watch videos on your iPhone, __________________ energy in
the battery is transformed into __________________ energy and then to ________________
and __________________ energy.



 ENERGY TRANSFER is the _________________________ of energy from one
________________ to another.
Examples:

Heat emitted by the campfire is ____________________ to the air and people sitting around
it.

Electricity generated at a hydroelectric power plant in Northern Quebec is
____________________ along power lines to cities and towns in Southern Quebec.
 HEAT is the _____________________ of __________________ energy from a
__________________ place to a _________________ place.
4 Physical Changes (p. 43-50)
 A PHYSICAL CHANGE does __________ affect the nature or ____________________
properties of matter.
Examples:

_________________________________

Dissolving sugar in your coffee

_________________________________
5
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
4.1 CHANGES OF STATE (p. 43-45)
The matter around us exists in three states or ___________________: _______________,
_________________, or _____________ and it can change from one state to another.
 A PHASE CHANGE is the _________________________ of matter from one state (or
_______________) to another.
________________ state
The particles of a _________ are _______
apart and _______ organized. There are
_______ forces of attraction holding them
together.
The
particles
______________
of
a
are
The
particles
of
a
very ________________
______________
and
______________ together but
_______________
are
together and there are
not
___________________.
______________ forces
The
forces
of
holding them together are
attraction
holding
them together.
of
attraction
___________________.
________________ state
________________ state
 Vaporization includes both ___________________ and _______________________.
THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN PHASE CHANGES
When we heat water to boil it, it ________________ energy which makes the water molecules
move _________________ until they have enough ________________ to overcome the
________________ of attraction between them and turn into water ______________.
Liquid water
+ __________________
 water vapour
6
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
When we freeze water (to make ice cubes), the temperature of the air inside the freezer is lower
than that of the water, so heat passes from the ________________ to the cold ____________
which ______________ down its particles. As the water reaches its _________________ point,
the particles ______________________ themselves into a rigid structure and become ice.
Liquid water

ice + ________________
Why do we sweat? Why do you feel cold when you get out of the water?
The water or sweat on your skin __________________ heat from your skin until it
_____________________. This causes the temperature of your skin to ____________________.
 Vaporization of liquid water absorbs _____________ J/g.
 Condensation of nitrogen gas releases ____________ J/g.
4.2 DISSOLUTION (p. 46-49)
 DISSOLUTION is the creation of a ____________________ by a ________________
dissolving in a ___________________.
https://wsccbiology.wordpress.com/links/
During dissolution, the sugar molecules and the water molecules _____________ change – both
substances remain the _____________.
7
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN DISSOLUTION
Some substances, release or absorb energy when they are dissolved in a solvent.
 If a substance releases energy when it dissolves in water, then the temperature of the
solution ______________________. (Ex. potassium hydroxide releases 1021.3 J/g)
 If a substance absorbs energy when it dissolves in water, then the temperature of the
solution ______________________. (Ex. sodium chloride absorbs 66.7 J/g)
APPLICATIONS:
 Heating and cooling pouches in first aid kits
When we squeeze the pouch, we break an inner
envelope that contains a substance that produces heat
when it dissolves in the liquid surrounding it.
4.3 DEFORMATION (p. 49-50)
 DEFORMATION means changing the _________________ of a material.
Examples:

__________________ clay

__________________ a spring

___________________a sheet of metal
Some deformations are ______________________ and some are _______________________.
THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN DEFORMATION
Deformation always involves an energy __________________, an often more than one
_________________________ of energy.
Example:
Mechanical energy of people jumping on a trampoline is ___________________ to the surface
of the trampoline, where it is _________________________ into elastic energy.
8
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
5 CHEMICAL CHANGES (p. 50-52)
➢ A CHEMICAL CHANGE changes the ______________________ and
__________________________ properties of matter.
Examples of chemical changes:
● ________________________ bread
● fireworks ________________________
● _______________________ soap
● ________________________ gasoline
Chemical change = Chemical _______________________
During a chemical change, one or _______________ substances (____________________) react
to make new substances (_____________________).
During a chemical change, the bonds between the atoms of the reactants are
_____________________. The products therefore have ________________________
characteristic properties from the reagents.
Even if new substances are formed, the law of conservation of mass _____________________.
During a chemical change, the number of atoms is ALWAYS _______________________.
9
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
SIGNS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
● The __________________ of gas
● The __________________ of heat
● The __________________ of light
● The __________________ of color
● The _______________________ of PRECIPITATE.
Example (right): When sodium bicarbonate and vinegar are
mixed, we can see a ____________ is released.
5.1 SYNTHESIS (p.53-55)
➢ SYNTHESIS is the _______________________ of a complex ____________________
from ___________________ or simpler ______________________.
Example:
2 hydrogen atoms (H2) react with an oxygen molecule (O2) to create 2 _________________
molecules (H2O). This is called the ______________________ of _________________.
THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN SYNTHESIS
The synthesis of water is an explosive reaction that ___________________ a lot of energy.
2 H2
+
O2
→
2 H2O
+
_______________
The formation of 2 molecules of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the reaction of a nitrogen molecule
(N2) with 2 molecules of ___________________ (O2) ____________________ energy.
N2
+
2 O2
+
________________
→
2 NO2
 Synthesis is a ___________________ reaction that can either __________________ or
_______________________ energy.
10
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
Plants make glucose in a process called _____________________________. They do this by
________________________ energy from the ____________.
During this process, plants transform ______________________ energy (from the sun) into
______________________ energy which is then stored in the _____________ of glucose
molecules.

Synthesis in living organisms always __________________ energy. The energy is
transformed into _____________________ energy and __________________ in the
bonds of the molecules that are produced.
ENERGY INVOLVED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
SUBSTANCE
ENERGY (J/g)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Absorbs 7072
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Releases 8957
Water (H2O)
Releases 13 444
5.2 DECOMPOSITION
This process of decomposition is the _______________________ of synthesis. During
decomposition, the bonds in a molecule are _______________________ and _________ or more
__________________ molecules are formed.
 DECOMPOSITION is the transformation of _______________________ molecules
into ____________________ molecules or into ___________________.
11
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN DECOMPOSITION

During decomposition, the ______________________ energy in a molecule is usually
____________________ and transformed into other forms of _______________.

In living organisms, decomposition always involves a ____________________ of
energy.
Example: When your body needs energy, it breaks down glycogen molecules into
__________________.
Certain decompositions ______________________ energy, like the _____________________ of
water.
Requires the input of
electrical energy
 Decomposition is a chemical reaction that __________________ or _________________
energy.
The amount of energy associated with the decomposition of molecule is __________________
to the energy required for its _______________________.

Ex. If 2718 J/g is released by the synthesis of ammonia (NH3), then _____________ J/g
is _____________________ in the decomposition of ammonia.
5.2 OXIDATION
 Oxidation is a ___________________ reaction involving _______________ or a
substance that has similar properties to __________________ (ex. Sulfur, chlorine,
fluoride).
12
ST 304
THE MATERIAL WORLD
Chapter 2 Course Notes
The best known oxidation process is the formation of ________________ (Fe2O3).
4 Fe
+
3 O2

2 Fe2O3
+
energy
 __________________________ is the oxidation or deterioration of metal.
 The _____________________ of fruit is another example of oxidation.
THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN OXIDATION
Oxidation generally involves a __________________ of energy.
Examples:
 ______________________ or burning is an example of rapid oxidation in which a lot of
energy is released in the form of fire (_____________ and _______________)

______________________ respiration in which _________________ oxidizes to
produce carbon dioxide, water and __________________.
5.3 PRECIPITATION
 PRECIPITATION is the formation of an
insoluble ________________ following the
mixing of two solutions. The
_________________ that forms falls to the
Precipitation
requires very
little energy.
bottom of the solution (“precipitates out”).
END OF CHAPTER 2 NOTES
13