Connectivity of overland flow by drainage network expansion in a rainforest catchment
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Beate Zimmermann1*†, Alexander Zimmermann1, Benjamin L. Turner2, Till Francke1, Helmut
Elsenbeer1,2
1
Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str.
24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
2
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
* Corresponding author: Tel. +49 331 977 2579, Fax +49 331 977 2068,
E-mail address: bzimmer@uni-potsdam.de
†
1.
Present address: Research Institute for Post-Mining Landscapes (FIB e.V.), Brauhausweg 2,
03238 Finsterwalde, Germany
Description of supplementary material
This supplementary material documents the occurrence of overland flow in various locations
of the Panama Canal Watershed. For each photograph we provide information on location,
date of photography, and geology of the area.
2.
Evidence for the occurrence of overland flow.
2.1
Site 1
Location:
Lutzito catchment, Barro Colorado Island. For a more detailed
description of the area we refer to section 2.1. Note:
Zimmermann et al. [2012] and Zimmermann et al. [2013] also
provide video material which documents the occurrence of
overland flow in the Lutzito Catchment.
Geology:
Tuffaceous siltstone, Caimito marine facies [Woodring, 1958].
Date of photography:
a) 03.10.2009, b) 03.10.2009, c) 04.08.2010
Photographer:
Alexander Zimmermann
Figure S1. a) Overland flow in the flowline which drains to sampling site H3 (see Fig. 1 for
location), b) a saturated area in the eastern part of Lutzito catchment which represents a
source area for overland flow, and c) a flowline short after a rain event.
2.2
Site 2
Location:
Conrad Trail Stream Catchment, Barro Colorado Island. For a
more detailed description of the area we refer to Godsey et al.
[2004].
Geology:
Andesite
Date of photography:
14.10.2004
Photographer:
Alexander Zimmermann
Figure S2. A flowline after a heavy rain event.
2.3
Site 3
Location:
Various locations in catchments along Fausto and Fairchild
Trail, Barro Colorado Island. For a general description of the
area we refer to Dietrich et al. [1982].
Geology:
Conglomerate of basalt and sandstone, Bohio formation
[Woodring, 1958]
Date of photography:
a) 21.07.2013, b) 31.08.2013, c) 31.08.2013, d) 10.10.2013
Photographer:
David Torhorst
Figure S3. a) Overland flow concentrated in a flowline, b) overland flow covering an area of
several square meters, c) slowly moving overland flow and an overland flow detector, and d)
a closeup of turbulent overland flow moving toward the viewer.
2.4
Site 4
Location:
Old-growth forest (Soberanía National Park), Agua Salud
Project area.
Geology:
Pre-Tertiary basalt
Date of photography:
24.08.2009
Photographer:
Beate Zimmermann
Figure S4. A large flowline during the wet season.
2.5
Site 5
Location:
Secondary succession catchment, Agua Salud Project Area. For
a more detailed description of the area we refer to Hassler et al.
[2011].
Geology:
Pre-Tertiary basalt [Hassler et al., 2011]
Date of photography:
01.09.2011
Photographer:
Sibylle Hassler
Figure S5. a) A concentrated flowline during a heavy rain event, and b) overland flow
spreading over a flat area. Note: the white pieces of plastic are overland flow detectors.
3. References
Dietrich, W. E., D. M. Windsor, and T. Dunne (1982), Geology, climate, and hydrology of
Barro Colorado Island, in The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and
Long Term Changes, edited by E. G. Leigh et al., pp. 21– 46, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.
Godsey, S., H. Elsenbeer, and R. Stallard (2004), Overland flow generation in two
lithologically distinct rainforest catchments, J. Hydrol., 295, 276–290, doi:
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.014.
Hassler, S. K., B. Zimmermann, M. van Breugel, J. S. Hall, and H. Elsenbeer (2011),
Recovery of saturated hydraulic conductivity under secondary succession on former
pasture in the humid tropics, Forest Ecol. Manage., 261, 1634–1642, doi:
10.1016/j.foreco.2010.06.031.
Woodring, W. (1958), Geology of Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 135.
Zimmermann, A., T. Francke, and H. Elsenbeer (2012), Forests and erosion: Insights from a
study of suspended-sediment dynamics in an overland flow-prone rainforest
catchment, J. Hydrol., 428–429, 170–181, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.039.
Zimmermann, A., D. S. Schinn, T. Francke, H. Elsenbeer, and B. Zimmermann (2013),
Uncovering patterns of near-surface saturated hydraulic conductivity in an overland
flow-controlled landscape, Geoderma, 195–196, 1–11, doi:
10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.11.002.