Higher Human
BIOLOGY
UNIT 2 PAST PAPER QUESTIONS
Sub-Unit 1: REPRODUCTION
1.
A function of the interstitial cells in the
testes is to produce
A
B
C
D
2.
sperm
testosterone
seminal fluid
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The sperm counts of a sample of men
taken between 1940 and 2000 are
shown in the graph below.
What is the average reduction in sperm
count per year?
A
B
C
D
3.
Endometrium
Graafian follicle
Fertilised ovum
Unfertilised ovum
Which of the following forms of
contraception causes thickening of cervical
mucus?
A
B
C
D
5.
Mini-pill
Barrier methods
Morning-after pill
Intra-uterine device
The graph below shows the growth in
length of a human fetus before birth.
What is the percentage increase in length of
the fetus during the final 4 months of
pregnancy?
0.67 million/cm3/year
0.75 million/cm3/year
0.92 million/cm3/year
45 million/cm3/year
From which structure in the female
reproductive system does a corpus
luteum develop?
A
B
C
D
4.
A
B
C
D
6.
33.3
60.0
62.5
150.0
The table below contains information about
four semen samples
Semen Sample
A
B
C
D
Number of sperm in
sample (millions/cm 3 )
Active sperm (percent)
Abnormal sperm (percent)
40
30
20
60
50
30
60
65
75
10
40
70
Which semen sample has the highest number
of active sperm per cm3?
2
7.
The diagram refers to human
reproduction.
OVARY
9.
TESTIS
gamete mother
cells
gamete mother
cells
Process X
Process X
Ovum
One function of the seminal vesicles is to
A
B
C
D
produce testosterone
allow sperm to mature
store sperm temporarily
produce nutrients for sperm
10. The graph below shows changes in the
concentration of hormones X and Y in the blood
during the menstrual cycle.
Sperm
Process Y
Zygote
Process Z
Which of the following correctly identifies
hormones X and Y?
Embryo cells
Which of the following correctly identifies
processes X, Y and Z?
A
B
C
D
8.
X
Y
Z
mitosis
meiosis
meiosis
mitosis
meiosis
fertilisation
mitosis
fertilisation
fertilisation
mitosis
fertilisation
meiosis
The diagram below shows a section
through seminiferous tubules in a testis.
Which cell produces testosterone?
Hormone X
LH
Oestrogen
Oestrogen
Progesterone
A
B
C
D
Hormone Y
Oestrogen
FSH
Progesterone
Oestrogen
11. Changes in the ovary during the menstrual
cycle are described below.
1
2
3
4
5
Corpus luteum forms
Ovulation occurs
Progesterone is produced
Corpus luteum degenerates
Graafian follicle develops
The sequence in which these changes occur
following menstruation is
A
B
C
D
2, 3, 1, 5, 4
2, 1, 3, 4, 5
5, 3, 2, 1, 4
5, 2, 1, 3, 4
3
12. The graph below shows the growth in
length of a human fetus before birth.
14. The diagram below shows the blood flow in the
umbilical cord.
Which line in the table below identifies correctly
blood vessel X and the blood it carries?
What is the percentage increase in length of
the fetus during the final 4 months of
pregnancy?
A
B
C
D
33.3
60.0
62.5
150.0
13. The sperm counts of a sample of men
taken between 1940 and 2000 are
shown in the graph below.
What is the average reduction in sperm
count per year?
A
B
C
D
0.67 million/cm3/year
0.75 million/cm3/year
0.92 million/cm3/year
45 million/cm3/year
A
B
C
D
15.
Blood vessel X
vein
vein
artery
artery
Blood carried in X
deoxygenated
oxygenated
deoxygenated
oxygenated
Nicotine is a chemical which may affect prenatal development.
The diagram shows the stages of development
when major and minor malformations of organs
may occur if there is exposure to nicotine.
Key
major malformation
minor malformation
For how many weeks during pregnancy is there a
possibility of major malformations to organs during
development?
A
B
C
D
6
7
9
13
4
16. The diagram below represents part of the mechanism which controls ovulation.
Pituitary
Stimulating
hormone
Inhibiting
hormone
Ovaries
The hormones indicated above are
A
B
C
D
Stimulating hormone
Inhibiting hormone
FSH
Progesterone
Oestrogen
LH
Oestrogen
FSH
LH
testosterone
17. On which day in the following menstrual cycle could fertilisation occur?
A
B
C
D
Day 30
Day 17
Day 14
Day 2
5
18. The diagram shows a section through the reproductive organs of a man.
(a)
(i)
State the site of sperm production within the testis.
__________________________________
(ii)
1
State one function of the secretions from the seminal vesicles and
prostrate gland.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
(b)
(i)
(ii)
During a male sterilisation operation (vasectomy), a tube is cut.
Draw a letter X on the diagram to indicate the likely position of the cut.
1
Why is the transport of testosterone from the testes unaffected by this
operation?
______________________________________________________
1
19. The diagram shows stages in the development of a human embryo from fertilisation to
implantation.
6
(a) Name the parts labelled A and B.
A ___________________________
B _________________________
1
(b) What term is used to describe he first few divisions of the zygote?
_______________________________________
1
(c) Name a hormone which is involved in preparing the endometrium for implantation and
state where it is produced.
Hormone ______________________ Produced by ___________________
1
(d) What organ will develop from the tissue labelled C?
_________________________________________
(e) Sometimes twins develop in the uterus. Distinguish between the formation of
monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
1
3
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
20.
The diagram shows part of the reproductive system of a woman in
early pregnancy.
(a) Place an X on the diagram to show where fertilisation occurred.
1
(b) Structure P produces progesterone at this stage in pregnancy.
7
(i) Name structure P.
_______________________________
(ii)
1
State one function of progesterone during early pregnancy.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
(c)
1
Structure Q will develop into the placenta.
Name the processes involved in the transfer of oxyen, glucose and
antibodies across the placenta.
(d)
Oxygen
___________________
Glucose
___________________
Antibodies
___________________
2
In the early stages of pregnancy the cells of the embryo are starting to
differentiate.
Describe what happens during differentiation.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
1
21. (a) Name a stage of embryo development that comes between fertilisation
and differentiation.
________________________________
1
(b) A woman gives birth to monozygotic twins.
State whether monozygotic twins are identical or non-identical and give
a reason for your answer.
Monozygotic twins ___________________________
Reason ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
1
8
Questions 22 and 23 refer to the following list of hormones.
A Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
B Luteinising Hormone (LH)
C Oestrogen
D Progesterone
22 .
Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes?
23 .
Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?
24 .
Which of the following will not normally pass through the placenta between
the mother and fetus?
A
B
C
D
25 .
Oxygen
Minerals
Glucose
Red blood cells
The flowchart summarises the processes involved in the production of semen.
Hormone X
LH
Tissue Y
Testosterone
Sperm
Mother
Cells
Structure Z
Mature
sperm
cells
Semen
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
(a) Name hormone X and tissue Y.
Hormone X _________________
Tissue Y ________________________
(b) Semen contains substances secreted by structure Z.
(i)
Identify structure Z.
__________________________________
1
9
(ii) Describe how a named substance from structure Z aids fertilisation.
Substance __________________________
Description ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________
1
(c) Complete the table to show the percentage of each type of cell which would
contain a Y chromosome.
Cells
Percentage of cells containing
a Y chromosome
Sperm mother cells
Mature sperm cells
26
The diagrams represented gamete production in an ovary and part of a testis.
(a) (i) Which letter represents a mature ovum?
1
(ii) Identify one labelled part of each organ which is affected by FSH.
Letter
Name
(iii) Describe the effect of testosterone on the testes of an adult.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
1
10
(b)
Oxytocin is a hormone which is secreted during and after childbirth.
(i)
State where oxytocin is produced in the body
__________________________________
1
(ii) Synthetic oxytocin can be used to induce labour.
Describe how it brings about birth.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
27 .
1
The diagram below shows a section of a woman’s breast shortly after
she has given birth.
(a) (i) Name the hormone that stimulates the secretory glands to start
producing milk.
____________________________
1
(iii) The cells lining the secretory glands are particularly rich in ribosomes.
Suggest a reason for this.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
(b)
1
Fluid is not usually released from the breast until the baby suckles.
(i)
What name is given to the first fluid that the baby receives from the
breast?
______________________________________________________
1
11
(ii) Describe one way in which this first fluid differs from the breast milk
produced a few days later.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
1
(iii) Suckling and crying are examples of non-verbal communication used by
a baby. Why is non-verbal communication important to both the mother
and baby?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
28.
1
The graphs below show that plasma concentrations of certain hormones
throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle.
Graph 1 shows the concentration so FSH and LH.
Graph 2 shows the concentration of two other hormones, X and Y.
12
(a) Where in the body are FSH and LH produced?
__________________________________________________
(b)
1
Name hormones X and Y.
X _______________________
Y _______________________
(c) What is the maximum concentration of hormone Y?
_______________ Units
1
(d) On which day did ovulation occur? Give a reason for your answer.
Day ______________
Reason ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
(e)
1
During her next cycle, the woman became pregnant.
Describe any differences which would occur in the concentrations of FSH and
hormone Y after day 25.
FSH ___________________________________________________
1
13
Hormone Y ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________
1
29. The graph below shows the concentration of two ovarian hormones in a woman’s
blood during her menstrual cycle
.
(a) Name hormone X.
________________________________________________________
1
(b) What effect does oestrogen have on the following structures?
(i) The uterus between days 4 and 12 in the cycle.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
1
(ii) The pituitary gland on day 12 of the cycle.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
1
(c) Describe one way in which the graph would be different if the woman became pregnant
during this cycle.
_________________________________________________________
1
14
(d) The diagrams below show sections through two structures found in the ovary at
different times in the menstrual cycle.
(i)
Name structures P and Q
P ______________________ Q ___________________
(ii)
1
What key event in the menstrual cycle occurs before P develops into Q?
__________________________________________________
1
15
31
The graph below shows the relative concentrations of three hormones in the
plasma of a woman during a normal 28-day menstrual cycle.
(a)
Name hormone A.
__________________________
(b)
1
What is the effect of the sudden increase in concentration of luteinising hormone?
__________________________________________________
(c)
During which time period is the endometrium likely to reach maximum thickness?
Underline the correct answer.
0 – 4 days
(d)
1
12 – 16 days
22-26 days
1
In what way would the line showing the concentration of FSH be different if fertilisation
took place during this cycle? Give an explanation for your answer.
Difference ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________
1
Explanation _________________________________________
___________________________________________________
1
16
32.
The graphs below show changes in the volume and composition of milk produced by a
woman in the first week following the birth of her child.
Graph 1 – changes in the volume of milk produced
Graph 2 – Changes in the concentration of lactose sugar and IgA antibody in milk
17
32.
(continued)
(a)(i) What name is given to milk produced in the first few days after birth?
_____________________________________________________
(ii)
1
From Graph 2, describe two ways in which the composition of milk produced
in the first three days after birth differs from milk produced later.
1.______________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
(b)
1
What was the volume of milk produced on day 3?
_________________
1
(c)(i) Between days 2 and 3 this woman produced a constant mass of IgA.
Explain why the concentration of IgA in her milk decreased during this time.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
(ii)
1
Express, as a simple whole number ratio, the concentration of IgA compared to the
concentration of lactose produced on day 6.
(1g = 1000mg)
Space for calculation
_______:_______
IgA
Lactose
(d)
1
Using Graphs 1 and 2, calculate the mass of lactose produced on day 5.
Space for calculation
__________g
1
18
33.
The sperm counts of 30 men taken between 1940 and 2000 are shown in the graph
below. A line of best-fit has been drawn, to indicate the trend over the 60 year period.
(a) Using the line of best-fit, calculate the percentage decline in sperm count over the 60
year period.
Space for calculation
___________ %
1
(b) From the graph, what is the maximum sperm count for any one individual recorded
during this period?
__________million/cm3
1
(c) Some insecticides are thought to influence sperm production.
Explain why animals at the end of food chains are more likely to be affected by
insecticides.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
19
______________________________________________________________
1
(d) Name the pituitary hormone which stimulates the production of sperm.
________________________________________________
1
(e) Name a gland which adds fluid to sperm during ejaculation and describe one function
of this fluid.
Gland _____________________________
1
Function of fluid _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
1
(f) Two treatments sometimes used for infertility are artificial insemination and in vitro
fertilisation. Describe briefly what is meant by these terms.
Artificial insemination __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
In vitro fertilisation ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
34.
2
The diagram below shows the influence of the pituitary gland on testosterone
production.
Pituitary gland
Hormone X produced
Testes stimulated
Testosterone produced
What is hormone X?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
Luteinising hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
20
35.
Which of the following changes indicate ovulation is likely to have taken place?
Cervical mucus
36.
A
becomes sticky
Body
Temperature
rises
B
becomes sticky
falls
C
becomes watery
rises
D
becomes watery
falls
Which of the following describes correctly the exchange of materials between
maternal and fetal circulations?
A
B
C
D
37.
Glucose
into fetus by active
transport
into fetus by active
transport
into fetus by
pinocytosis
into fetus by
diffusion
Antibodies
into fetus by active transport
into fetus by pinocytosis
into fetus by active transport
into mother by pinocytosis
The diagram below presents the appearance of a testis when viewed under a
microscope.
(a) Name Structure X: ____________________________________
1
(b) State which cells are produced in structure X: _______________
1
(c) What is the name of cells labelled Y? _____________________
1
(d) Explain the role of cells labelled Y in the production of male sex cells.
21
___________________________________________________
38.
1
Luteinising hormone is involved in the control of the menstrual cycle in female
mammals.
(a) Name the gland which produces luteinising hormone
___________________________________________________
1
(b) Name another hormone produced by this gland which controls the
menstrual cycle
____________________________________________________
1
(c) Progesterone is a hormone produced from within the ovary.
(i) Name the structure from within the ovary which produces
progesterone.
_______________________________________________
1
(ii) State one function of progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
_______________________________________________
1
(iii) As the menstrual cycle continues, progesterone levels decrease.
State the effect this will have on the uterus.
________________________________________________
1
39.(a) Decide if each of the following statements about treatments for infertility is TRUE or
FALSE and tick () the correct box.
If the answer is FALSE, write the correct word(s) in the correction box to replace the
word(s) underlined in the statement.
Statement
If mature sperm are
defective or very low in
number IVF can be used
True
False
Correction
Ovulation can be
stimulated by drugs that
prevent the negative
feedback effect of
progesterone on FSH
secretion
Donor sperm can be used
in artificial insemination of
the male partner is sterile.
22
(b) The table below refers to semen samples take from five men.
(i)
(ii)
Identify which man has the lowest percentage of normal sperm.
Letter: _________________________________________________
1
A man is fertile if at least 60% of his sperm are normal
Identify which man/men is/are infertile.
1
Letter(s): _______________________________________________
40.(a) A variety of techniques can be used to monitor the health of the mother and the
developing foetus. State what each of the following is used for:
(b)
(i)
Ultrasound imaging _________________________________
1
(iii)
Dating scans ______________________________________
1
A sample of fluid which surrounds the embryo can be extracted from the mother
using a syringe.
(i)
What is the name given to this technique?
______________________________________________________
(ii)
(c)
1
Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage in using this technique.
Advantage: _____________________________________________
1
Disadvantage: ___________________________________________
1
Postnatal screening can be carried out involving diagnostic testing for metabolic
disorders.
Name a metabolic disorder which can be tested for using postnatal screening
techniques.
Name: _______________________________________________________
1
23
Sub-Unit 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
4. The diagram below records the beat of
a human heart.
1. The diagram below shows an ECG trace
taken during exercise.
Atrial
Systole
Ventricular
Systole
Diastole
Atrial
Systole
The person’s heart rate is
A
B
C
D
80 bpm
100 bpm
120 bpm
140 bpm
2. The diagram below shows a section through
the human heart.
What is the correct position of the
pacemaker?
0
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
What is the heart rate in beats per minute
(bpm) ?
A 50bpm
B 60bpm
C 70bpm
D 120bpm
5. Which of the following statements
refers correctly to the cardiac cycle?
3. Which of the following vessels in the
circulatory system contains blood at the
lowest pressure?
A Jugular Vein
B Renal Vein
C Vena cava
D
A During systole the atria contract
followed by the ventricles.
B During systole the ventricles
contract followed by the atria.
C During diastole the atria contract
followed by the ventricles.
D During diastole the ventricles
contract followed by the atria.
Hepatic portal vein
24
6. Which of the events below produces the normal sounds of heart beat heard through a
stethoscope?
A
B
C
D
Contraction of the atria.
Contraction of the ventricles.
Closing of the heart valves.
Opening of the heart valves.
7. The graph below shows changes in arterial blood pressure.
The shape of the graph is due to
A
the action of the heart muscle.
B
the action of the diaphragm.
C
the closing of the valves in the veins
D
muscular contraction of the arteries
8. An EGG trace is shown below.
What is the person’s heart rate?
A
B
C
D
100 beats per minute
120 beats per minute
150 beats per minute
200 beats per minute
25
9. Cardiac output is calculated using the following formula:
Cardiac output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
The table below shows the heart and cardiac output of four individuals.
Individual
Hear Rate (bpm)
Cardiac Output (L/min)
A
60
5.8
B
68
6.1
C
72
7.2
D
78
7.6
Which individual has the greatest stroke volume?
10. The diagram below represents a part of the circulatory system of the skin.
Which line in the table below correctly identifies changes which would take place in
the blood as it flows from arteriole to venule?
26
11. High levels of blood glucose can cause clouding of the lens in the human eye.
Concentrations above 5.5mM are believed to put the individual at a high risk of lens
damage.
In an investigation, subjects of different ages each drank a glucose solution. The
concentration of glucose in their blood was monitored over a number of hours. The
results are shown in the graph below.
For how long during the investigation did 20 year olds remain above the high risk
blood glucose concentration?
A
B
C
D
84 mins
90 mins
120 mins
148 mins
12. The durations of ventricular diastole and systole are shown below.
Diastole 0.4 seconds
Systole 0.2 seconds
What is the heart rate for this individual?
A
B
C
D
60 beats per minute
72 beats per minute
100 beats per minute
120 beats per minute
27
13. The ratio of high-density lipoproteins to low-density lipoproteins in the blood
(HDL:LDL) is related to the level of cholesterol in the blood. This in turn can influence
the chances of developing atherosclerosis.
Which line in the table below correctly illustrates these relationships?
HDL:LDL
A
B
C
D
Cholesterol
Level
Low
High
Low
High
High
High
Low
Low
Chance of
atherosclerosis
Reduced
Increased
Increased
Reduced
14. Which of the following pairs of compounds is produces by the pancreas?
A
B
C
D
Glycogen and insulin
Insulin and ADH
Insulin and glucagon
Glycogen and glucagon
15. The flow chart below shows the concentration in the blood is regulated.
Blood glucose
Pancreas
Liver
Blood glucose
Concentration
rises
secrets less of
compound X
and more of
compound Y
converts
glucose to
insoluble
carbohydrate
concentration
falls.
Which line identifies correctly the compound X and Y
A
B
C
D
Compound X
Compound Y
glycogen
insulin
glucagon
insulin
insulin
glycogen
insulin
glucagon
28
16. The graph below shows how the UK diet changed between 1988 and 1998.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data?
A
B
C
D
People ate more food in 1998 than in 1988
People ate less food in 1998 than in 1988
People ate a greater variety of food in 1998 than in 1988
people ate a lesser variety of food in 1998 than in 1988
17. The graph show average blood pressure in different types of blood vessels.
(a) Name the types of blood vessel represented by P,Q and R.
P____________________________________________
Q____________________________________________
R____________________________________________
(2)
29
(b) Blood pressure values fluctuate in vessel type P.
Explain the reason for this.
______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
(1)
(c) Explain why there is a large drop in blood pressure in vessel type Q
______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
(1)
(d) In the vena cava, blood pressure falls below atmospheric air pressure yet blood is
still available to return to the heart.
Explain how the blood is maintained.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ ________ (2)
18. (a) The diagram shows a section through an artery.
(i)
Name the parts of the artery labelled Y and Z
Y__________________
(ii)
Z________________________
(1)
Layer X contains type of tissue found in layer X.
Name one other type of tissue found in layer X
_______________________________________________
(iii)
(1)
Describe the role of the elastic fibres in the wall of an artery.
________________________________________________
(1)
30
(b)
Veins are another type of blood vessel.
Name a structural feature of a vein and describe its function.
Name _________________________________________
Function _______________________________________
(c)
(1)
Name the two blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.
1_______________________________________________
2_______________________________________________
(1)
(1)
19. The diagram below shows the human heart and some associated blood vessels. The
arrows on the diagram show the direction of blood flow.
B
(a) Name blood vessels A, B and C
A___________________________________________________
B___________________________________________________
C___________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Place arrows on the diagram to show the path of oxygenated blood as it flows
through the heart
(1)
(c) Describe the function of the semi-lunar valve labelled on the diagram.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(1)
31
(d) During which stage of the cardiac cycle do the semi-lunar valves open?
__________________________________________________
(1)
20. The diagram shows a section through the heart and two areas, X and Y, which help to
coordinate the heart beat.
(a) (i) Name structures X and Y
X_______________________________________________________
Y_______________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Electrical impulses travel from X to Y
What is happening to the heart during this time?
______________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Draw arrows on the diagram to show the pathway taken by electrical impulses
produced by structure Y.
(1)
(b) (i) Name valve Z
____________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) During which stage of the cardiac cycle is valve Z closed?
____________________________________________________
(1)
32
21. The diagram below shows the heart and its associated nerves.
(a) (i) On the diagram, mark with an X the chamber where the blood pressure is highest
during the cardiac cycle.
(1)
(ii) Describe the effect of impulses from the parasympathetic nerve on the heart.
_____________________________________________________
(1)
(b) (i) Name the part of the heart labelled B
_____________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Describe the role of B in the cardiac cycle
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
(iv)
(1)
An individual has a heart rate of 75bpm. How long does one cardiac cycle last?
Space for calculation
_________ s
(1)
33
22. The graph below shows changes in the volume of blood in the left ventricle of a man’s
heart.
(a) How long does ventricular systole last?
__________s (1)
(b) (i) What is the heart rate of this man?
__________ bpm
(1)
(ii) Calculate the volume of blood leaving this man’s left ventricle every minute.
___________cm3 (1)
(c) When this man exercises, the volume of blood leaving his heart increases significantly.
Describe how the nervous system and hormones cause this increase.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________(3)
34
23. The diagram represents a section through the heart.
(i) Name blood vessels E and F
Vessel E________________________________
Vessel F________________________________
(1)
(ii) State two differences between the composition of the blood in chambers B and D.
1 ___________________________________________________
2 ___________________________________________________
(iii)
(iv)
(1)
Place a cross (X) on the diagram to indicate the position of the sinoatrial node
(SAN).
(1)
Describe the effect of the autonomic nervous system on the sinoatrial node (SAN).
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________(2)
(c) State the function of the coronary artery
_______________________________________________________________(1)
35
24. The diagram below shows sages in the life of history of a red blood cell.
(i)
What substance is needed for the absorption of Vitamin B12 from the gut?
_________________________________________________
(ii)
(1)
Which molecule requires iron for its production?
________________________________________________
(b)
(1)
On average, how long do red blood cells remain in circulation?
_______________________________________________
(1)
(c) At any given time there are 5.5 million red blood cells in 1 millilitre of human
blood.
Calculate how many red blood cells will be in the circulation of an individual who has
total blood volume of 5 litres.
Space for calculation
_______________ million (1)
(d) Explain how the structure of a red blood cell
(i) Makes it very efficient at absorbing oxygen
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
(1)
36
(iii)
Allows it to pass through capillaries
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Apart from the liver, name a body site where red blood cells are broken down.
_____________________________________________________________ (1)
(f)
One of the final products of the breakdown of red blood cells is bile
(i)
Where is bile stored in the body?
____________________________________________
(ii)
(1)
Explain the importance of bile salts in the digestion of lipids.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
(2)
25. Two men (P and R) were being tested for diabetes mellitus, a condition which results in
failure to control blood glucose concentration.
After fasting overnight, they were given a large glucose drink. Their blood glucose
concentration was measured immediately (0 hours) and then every hour five hours.
The results of the tests are shown in the table below.
(a) It was concluded that P had diabetes and R did not.
(i)
State two ways in which the test results indicate that P had diabetes.
1_______________________________________________________
2_______________________________________________________
(1)
37
(ii)
Name the hormone responsible for the change in the blood glucose
concentration
of R.
Between 1 and 2 hours__________________________________
Between 3 and 4 hours__________________________________
(1)
(b) Diabetes insipidus can be caused by lack of ADH in the body.
(i) Which organ of the body releases ADH?
________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) State an effect that failure to produce ADH would have on the body
_______________________________________________
(1)
38
26.
The graphs below contain information about the regulation of blood sugar.
Graph 1 shows how the concentration of glucose in the blood affects the
concentration of insulin.
Graph 2 shows how the concentration of insulin in the blood affects the rate of glucose
uptake by the liver.
(a)
(i) From Graph 1, state the glucose concentration which triggers an increase in
insulin production.
_______________________________________________
(ii)Name the organ which produces insulin
_______________________________________________
(b)
(1)
(1)
From Graph 2 calculate the percentage increase in the rate of glucose uptake by
the liver when the concentration of insulin in the blood rises from 10 to 15
units/cm3
Space for calculation
________________ (1)
39
(c) From Graphs 1 and 2, state the rate of glucose uptake by the liver when the
concentration of glucose in the blood is 130mg/100cm3
_______ug/g of liver/hour (1)
27. The table below contains information about diagnosed cases in the four countries of the UK in
2008
Country
Population
(million)
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Total
51.3
5.4
3.2
1.8
61.7
Individuals diagnosed
with diabetes (% of
population)
3.9
3.7
4.4
3.4
(a) Use the date in the table to calculate the number of individuals in the Scottish population who
had diabetes in 2008.
Space for calculation
____________________(1)
(b)
A student calculated the percentage of the UK population that had been diagnosed
with diabetes by averaging the percentage values in the table.
Suggest why this average is likely to misrepresent the true percentage of people in the UK
who have been diagnosed with diabetes.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________(1)
(c) It has been suggested that the number of people in the UK with diabetes will double by
the year 2030.
Suggest two different ways in which the current UK government might use this information
to plan for the future.
1_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________(1)
40
(d) The graph below contains information about the number of people in Scotland who
consulted their doctor about diabetes in 2008.
(i)
For people aged between 25 and 74 describe one trend shown by the graph which
relates to
Age______________________________________________________
Gender___________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) In a Scottish city 2500 men between 45 and 54 years of age visited their doctor in 2008.
Use the graph to calculate how many of these men would be consulting their
doctors about diabetes.
Space for calculation
_________________ (1)
(iii)
Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of men consulting their doctor
between the 65-74 age group and the 75+ age group.
Space for calculation
_________________% (1)
(e) (i) Type 1 diabetics are unable to produce enough insulin.
Where is insulin produced in the body?
________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Describe the role of insulin in the liver
______________________________________________________________ (1)
41
28.
(a) Give ONE difference between a person suffering from Type 1 diabetes and Type 2
diabetes
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ (1)
(b) An individual with diabetes and one without diabetes take a glucose drink after a
period of fasting. Their blood glucose concentrations are shown in the table below.
Time (mins)
0
30
60
90
120
(i)
Blood glucose
concentration of
individual without
diabetes (mmol/l)
2
9
5
4
4
Blood glucose
concentration of
individual with
diabetes (mmol/l)
3
12
14
16
13
State the blood glucose concentrations of the two individuals after 90 minutes as
a simple whole number ratio.
Answer_____________________________
(i)
Predict the blood glucose concentrations of the individual with diabetes after 120
minutes.
Answer _____________________________
(ii)
(1)
(1)
Give a reason for your answer to (i).
Reason___________________________________________________ (1)
(iii)
(iv)
What is the function of low density lipoproteins (LDP)
_________________________________________________________
(1)
Name a drug which can be used to reduces blood cholesterol levels and explain
its action.
Name_________________________________________
Action_________________________________________
(1)
42
29. Elevation of blood glucose levels leads to certain cells taking in more glucose than
normal damaging the blood vessels.
(i)
What is the name of these cells?________________________
(ii)
Receptor cells in the pancreas respond to (a) high and (b) low blood glucose
levels by causing secretion of hormones.
(a)
Name the hormone produced for high blood glucose levels:
__________________________________________________
(b)
(1)
Name the hormone produced for low blood glucose levels:
_________________________________________________
(iii)
(1)
(1)
Describe exercise and fight or flight response another hormone is produced.
Name this hormone, where it is released from, and explain its mode of action.
Name of hormone____________________________________
Released from ______________________________________
Mode of action______________________________________
(3)
30. Some of the reactions involved in the formation of a blood clot are shown below:
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Blood clot
(a) What is the term used to describe a blood clot?
_________________________________________
(1)
(b) Name the enzyme which converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
_________________________________________
(1)
(c) What is an embolis?
_________________________________________
(1)
(d) Explain why the formation of a clot in an artery in the brain can lead to a stroke.
____________________________________________________
(1)
(e) Explain what DVT is and give a reason why it can be harmful.
Explanation___________________________________________
(1)
Reason______________________________________________
(1)
43
31. (i) What is meant by the term hypercholesterolemia?
____________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)Cholesterol is found normally in the body.
What is the function of cholesterol _________________________
(1)
(iii)What is the function of high density lipoproteins (HDL)
____________________________________________________
(1)
44