SEMESTER 1 EXAM – STUDY GUIDE
CLASSIFICATION
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Binomial nomenclature – two-part scientific name (Genus species)
Characteristics of living things (MRS. GREN)
Levels of classification from kingdom to species (largest – smallest)
Characteristics of organism within each of the 5 kingdoms
o Animal – multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs
o Plant – multicellular, eukaryotic autotrophs
o Fungi – multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs (decomposers)
o Protist – unicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs
o Moneran – unicellular, prokaryotic heterotrophs/autotrophs
Dichotomous keys
Evidence used for classification
o Behavior and physical appearance
o Method of reproduction, locomotion, diet and habitat
o Cells and DNA analysis
INSECTS
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Characteristics of arthropods and insects
Special insect orders
o Coleoptera – beetles (most diverse and populous insect order)
How do insects make sounds?
Insect mouthparts
Metamorphosis – growth and development
o Molting – shedding skin
o Incomplete – egg, nymph, adult
o Complete – egg, larva, pupa, adult
IPM
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Steps of IPM
o Identification – What is causing the problem?
o Pest biology – Learn about the pest?
o Monitor – How bad is the problem?
o Threshold – How much is it going to cost? Is it worth it?
o Tactic – Choose a method to control/get rid of the pest.
o Evaluation – How well did it work?
IPM Tactics
o Cultural – take away items pest needs to survive
o Physical – traps, burn nests, remove pest
o Genetic – sterilize the males; genetically modify the pest or its food source
o Biological – natural predators
o Chemical – pesticides and insecticides
o Regulatory – government laws and regulations
MICROSCOPES
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Founding Fathers of Microscopy
o Hooke – observed cork cells; coined the term “cell”
o Leeuwenhoek – observed bacteria and protists
o Janssen – first compound microscope
Total magnification – eyepiece x objective lens
Parts and functions
CELLS
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Levels of organization from cell – organism
Types of cells
o somatic (body cells such as hair, skin, muscle, etc.)
o gametes (sex cells such as egg and sperm)
Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells
Differences between plant and animal cells
o Cell wall – gives a plant cell structure and support
o Chloroplasts – organelle where photosynthesis occurs
o Vacuole size – larger in plant cells used to store liquids
All organelles and functions of organelle
Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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Steps of the scientific method – What takes place in each step?
o Research/background information
o State your purpose/problem question
o State your hypothesis/make a logical prediction based on prior knowledge
o Develop your procedure
o Collect and record data (numerical and observable)
o Analyze your results
o Draw conclusions
Experimental factors
o Independent variable – the factor you control
o Dependent variable – what you are testing/measuring/observing
o Experimental group – the testing group
o Control group – the group used for comparison
o Controls – what is kept constant throughout the experiment