Preparation for Bergen Summer School 2013 –
Food and Biodiversity – Surf & Turf
Required readings (*)
Food and (other) Ecosystem services
In this module we will explore the concept of Ecosystem Services (ES) with special emphasis in
pollination. Issues covered will include the challenge of valuing ES and some frameworks and
methodologies for such valuation. The first part of the lecture will use case studies from leading
experts followed by a discussion focused on the relationships between the delivery of ES and
biodiversity. The second lecture will describe the different tools and methodologies currently
available to remotely assess landscapes and the ecosystem services that they provide. It will then
provide hands-on-practical experience running one of these web-based tools (the Local Ecological
Footprinting Tool).
Bartomeus, I. J., Ascher, S., Gibbs, J., Danforth, B., Wagner, D., Hedke, S.H., & Winfree,R. (2013).
Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits. PNAS doi:
10.1073/pnas.1218503110
Garibaldi LA, I Steffan-Dewenter, R Winfree, MA Aizen, R Bommarco, SA Cunningham, C Kremen, LG.
Carvalheiro, LD Harder, O Afik, I Bartomeus, F Benjamin, V Boreux, D Cariveau, NP Chacoff, JH
Dudenhöffer, BM Freitas, J Ghazoul, S Greenleaf, J Hipólito, A Holzschuh, B Howlett, R Isaacs, SK
Javorek, CM Kennedy, K Krewenka, S Krishnan, Y Mandelik, MM Mayfield, I Motzke, T Munyuli, BA
Nault, M Otieno, J Petersen, G Pisanty, SG Potts, R Rader, T Ricketts, M Rundlöf, CL Seymour, C
Schüepp, H Szentgyörgyi, H Taki, T Tscharntke, CH Vergara, BF Viana, TC Wanger, C Westphal, N
Williams, AM Klein (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey-bee
abundance. Science, 339 (6127),1608-1611
Ghazoul, J. (2013) Pollination Decline in Context. Science, doi:10.1126/science.340.6135.923-b
Kennedy, C. M., Lonsdorf, E., Neel, M. C., Williams, N. M., Ricketts, T. H., Winfree, R., Bommarco, R.,
Brittain, C., Burley, A. L., Cariveau, D., Carvalheiro, L. G., Chacoff, N. P., Cunningham, S. A.,
Danforth, B. N., Dudenhöffer, J.-H.,Elle, E., Gaines, H. R., Garibaldi, L. A., Gratton, C., Holzschuh, A.,
Isaacs, R., Javorek, S. K., Jha, S., Klein, A. M., Krewenka, K., Mandelik, Y., Mayfield, M.M., Morandin,
L., Neame, L. A., Otieno, M., Park, M., Potts, S. G., Rundlöf, M., Saez, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Taki,
H., Viana, B. F., Westphal, C., Wilson, J. K., Greenleaf, S. S. & Kremen, C. (2013) A global
quantitative synthesis of local and landscape effects on wild bee pollinators in agroecosystems.
Ecology Letters, 16, 584-599.
Klein, A. M., Vaissiere, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S.A., Kremen, C. &
Tscharntke, T. (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc Biol
Sci, 274, 303-13.
Mace, G.M., Norris, K., & Fitter, A.H. (2012) Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered
relationship. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 27(1):19-26.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Washington: Island Press,
2003.
Ecolabelling and Traceability
*Cooke, S.J., Murchie, K.J., Danylchuk, A.J. (2011) Sustainable "Seafood" Ecolabeling and Awareness
Initiatives in the Context of Inland Fisheries: Increasing Food Security and Protecting Ecosystems.
Bioscience 61, 911-918.
Ponte, S. (2009) From Fishery to Fork: Food Safety and Sustainability in the 'Virtual' Knowledge-Based
Bio-Economy (KBBE). Science as Culture 18, 483-495.
Higgins, R.M., Danilowicz, B.S., Balbuena, J.A., Daníelsdóttir, A.K., Geffen, A.J., Meijer, W.G., Modin,
J., Montero, F., Pampoulie, C., Perdiguero, D., Schreiber, A., Stefánsson, M.O., Wilson, B. (2010)
Multi-disciplinary Fingerprints Reveal the Harvest Location of Cod (Gadus morhua) in the
Northeast Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 404, 197-206.
*Martinsohn, J.T., Geffen, A.J., Maes, G.E., Nielsen, E.E., Waples, R.S., Carvalho, G.R. (2011) Tracing
Fish and fish products from ocean to fork using advanced molecular technologies. . In: Food Chain
Integrity: A holistic approach to food traceability, safety, quality and authenticity. (Eds. J. Hoorfar,
K. Jordan, F. Butler, R. Prugga), Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp. 259-282.
Consumers and the Market
Lim, W.M., Ding Hooi, T. (2011) Green marketing: issues, developments and avenues for future
research. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 11, 139-156.
*Oken E, Choi AL, Karagas MR, Marien K, Rheinberger CM, Schoeny R, Sunderland E & Korrick S
(2012) Which fish should I eat? Perspectives influencing fish consumption choices. Environmental
Health Perspectives volume 120 (6):790-798 (great background for the debate "Is seafood good for
us?")
Roheim, C.A., Asche, F., Santos, J.I. (2011) The Elusive Price Premium for Ecolabelled Products:
Evidence from Seafood in the UK Market. Journal of Agricultural Economics 62, 655-668.
Salladarré, Frédéric; Guillotreau, Patrice; Perraudeau, Yves; and Monfort, Marie-Christine (2010)
"The Demand for Seafood Eco-Labels in France," Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial
Organization: Vol. 8: Iss. 1, Article 10. DOI: 10.2202/1542-0485.1308
*Schlag AK & Ystgaard K (2013) Europeans and aquaculture: perceived differences between wild and
farmed fish. British Food Journal Vol. 115 No. 2: 209-222
Tlusty, M.F. (2012) Environmental improvement of seafood through certification and ecolabelling:
theory and analysis. Fish and Fisheries 13, 1-13.
*von der Heyden, S., Barendse, J., Seebregts, A. J., and Matthee, C. A. 2010. Misleading the masses:
detection of mislabelled and substituted frozen fish products in South Africa. – ICES Journal of
Marine Science, 67: 176–185.
Three papers approach the need for coherency in the value chain in connection with food quality:
- Lindkvist et.al (2008) explains that the restructuring of the Spanish salted fish market is partly due
to the market adopted coordination in the value chain between Iceland and Spain.
*Trondsen (2012) compares the Icelandic and the Norwegian value chain for North Atlantic cod and
how the different quota regimes in the value chains effect the quality of the fish.
-Mansfield (2003) applies the surimi industry as an example to show how quality is negotiated
throughout the value chain.
Food production and the business of feeding
These give a good overview of how fishes get produced, the forms of production and their future
limitations:
*Asche F, Guttormsen AG & Nielsen R (2013) Future challenges for the maturing Norwegian salmon
aquaculture industry: An analysis of total factor productivity change from 1996 to 2008. Aquaculture
396–399 43–50 (The scarcity of suitable production sites can potentially be the most limiting factor
to future production growth in the salmon aquaculture industry.)
*Gupta MV & Acosta BO (2004) From drawing board to dining table: The success story of the GIFT
project. NAGA, WorldFish Center Quarterly Vol. 27 No. 3 & 4 p4-14
(easy to read overview of the development and spread of a tilpia common in our grocery stores and a
great example for tracebability tests)
Ledford, H. 2013 Transgenic salmon nears approval. Nature. 497: 17-18.
Tacon & Metian 2008 Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded
aqaufeeds: trends and future propects. Aquaculture 285:146-158
*Ytrestøyl T, Aas TS, Berge GM, Hatlen B, Sørensen M, Ruyter B, Thomassen M, Hognes ES, Ziegler F,
Sund V and Åsgård T (2011) Resource utilisation and eco-efficiency of Norwegian salmon farming in
2010. NOFIMA report 53/2011
(a good description of how one can calculate resource utilization in production of different food and
also a calculation of the resource utilization in pig, chicken and salmon production. First of all it
explains many of the terms used in the literature, secondly it can be used as part of the basis for the
question of what is the most efficient way to produce animal protein.)
Eutrophication: impacts of food production systems on the environment
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is a recognized threat to plant diversity in temperate and
Northern parts of Europe and North America. During the last century, and especially the last 50
years, the use of fossil fuels and the Haber- Bosch process to produce agricultural fertilizers have
greatly increased global food production and improved our standard of living. However this
development is not without costs as the release of reactive nitrogen to the environment has
increased tremendously, posing a major global threat to biodiversity. With the increase in N
deposition over the last 50 years, plant communities in broad areas of Europe and North America
may have shifted toward compositions typical of high N availability This shift has often been
associated with loss in diversity of plant species and associations, particularly in regions with high N
deposition. International concern over these impacts led to the development of effect thresholds (or
critical loads) for N deposition. The N cycling in ecosystems is originally derived from three main
sources: biological N fixation (BNF), mineralization, and atmospheric deposition. Research over the
last two to three decades in Europe and North America has shown that the severity of the effects of
airborne N deposition depends on the duration, the total amount, and the N form of the inputs; the
intrinsic sensitivity of the plant species.
Bobbink, R., Hicks, K., Galloway, J., Spranger, T., Alkemade, R., Ashmore, M., Bustamante, M.,
Cinderby, S., Davidson, E., Dentener, F., Emmett, B., Erisman, J.W., Fenn, M., Gilliam, F., Nordin, A.,
Pardo, L., De Vries, W. (2010) Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant
diversity: a synthesis. Ecological Applications 20, 30-59. Examines the impact and vulnerability of
different ecosystems around the world due to nitrogen deposition.
Galloway, J.N., Dentener, F.J., Capone, D.G., Boyer, E.W., Howarth, R.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Asner, G.P.,
Cleveland, C.C., Green, P.A., Holland, E.A., Karl, D.M., Michaels, A.F., Porter, J.H., Townsend, A.R.,
Vörösmarty, C.J. (2004) Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future. Biogeochemistry 70, 153-226.
This paper examines the past, present, and future of nitrogen cycles, and the connections between
the terrestrial and marine N cycles.
Galloway, J.N., Townsend, A.R., Erisman, J.W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Freney, J.R., Martinelli, L.A.,
Seitzinger, S.P., Sutton, M.A. (2008) Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends,
Questions, and Potential Solutions. Science 320, 889-892. Assesses the transformation of the
nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions.
Phoenix, G.K., Hicks, W.K., Cinderby, S., Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Stock, W.D., Dentener, F.J., Giller, K.E.,
Austin, A.T., Lefroy, R.D.B., Gimeno, B.S., Ashmore, M.R., Ineson, P. (2006) Atmospheric nitrogen
deposition in world biodiversity hotspots: the need for a greater global perspective in assessing N
deposition impacts. Global Change Biology 12, 470-476. Assessing the possible future threat of
enhanced atmospheric nitrogen deposition towards biodiversity in world biodiversity hotspots.
Stevens, C.J., Dise, N.B., Mountford, J.O., Gowing, D.J. (2004) Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on the
Species Richness of Grasslands. Science 303, 1876-1879. Examines the impact of nitrogen
deposition on species richness of grasslands.
Ethics, waste and byproducts of the fish industry:
*Arvanitoyannis TS & Kassaveti A (2008) Fish industry waste: treatments, environmental impacts,
current and potential uses. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2008, 43, 726–745
(very good overview of the types of waste generated, trying to comply with regulations and
integrated coastal zone management, while giving us a very good factual overview corresponding
with the title)
*Grigorakis K., (2010) Ethical issues in aquaculture production. J Agric Environ Ethics 23:345–370
(this includes a matrix and a methodology which can be applied to many case studies)
Fisheries & Management Issues
*Aanesen, M., Armstrong, C.W., van Hoof, L. (2012) The changing environment of fisheries policy in
Europe. Marine Policy 36, 1172-1177.
Dickey-Collas, M., Nash, R.D.M., Brunel, T., van Damme, C.J.G., Marshall, C.T., Payne, M.R., Corten,
A., Geffen, A.J., Peck, M.A., Hatfield, E.M.C., Hintzen, N.T., Enberg, K., Kell, L.T. & Simmonds, E.J.
(2010) Lessons learned from stock collapse and recovery of North Sea herring: a review. ICES
Journal of Marine Science 67, 1875–1886.
*Garcia, S.E., Kolding, J., Rice, J., Rochet, M.-J., Zhou, S., Arimoto, T., Beyer, J.E., Borges, L., Bundy, A.,
Dunn, D., Fulton, E.A., Hall, M., Heino, M., Law, R., Makino, M., Rijnsdorp, A.D., Simard, F., Smith,
A. (2012) Reconsidering the consequences of selective fisheries. Science 335, 1045-1047.
Garcia, S.M. (Ed.), Kolding, J., Rice, J., Rochet, M.-J., Zhou, S., Arimoto, T., Beyer, J., Borges, L., Bundy,
A., Dunn, D., Graham, N., Hall, M., Heino, M., Law, R., Makino, M., Rijnsdorp, A.D., Simard, F.,
Smith, A.D.M. and Symons, D. (2011) Selective Fishing and Balanced Harvest in Relation to
Fisheries and Ecosystem Sustainability. Report of a scientific workshop organized by the IUCN-CEM
Fisheries Expert Group (FEG) and the European Bureau for Conservation and Development (EBCD)
in Nagoya (Japan), 14–16 October 2010. Gland, Switzerland and Brussels, Belgium: IUCN and EBCD.
iv + 33pp. www.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2011-001.pdf
Law, R., Plank, M. J., Kolding, J. (2012) On balanced exploitation of marine ecosystems: results from
dynamic size spectra. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss031.
*Purcell, S.W., Mercier, A., Conand, C., Hamel, J-F., Toral-Granada, M.V., Lovatelli, A., Uthicke, S.
(2013) Sea cucumber fisheries: Global analysis of stocks, management measures and drivers of
overfishing. Fish and Fisheries 14, 34-59.
Footprint resources
Internet resources:
The Blue Angel http://www.blauer-engel.de/en/index.php
http://www.blauer-engel.de/en/blauer_engel/whats_behind_it/national_eco-labels_worldwide.php