Name: ____________________________________________________________ Mr. Shalaby
Date: ______________________________________________________________ Collier High School
Period : ____________________________________________________________ Mythology
Roman Civilization
Roman Civilization Arises in Italy
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The Italian peninsula is centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea, and the city
of _________ sits toward the center of Italy.
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This location would benefit the Romans as they expanded—first within ________
and then into the lands bordering the Mediterranean
Unifying the Lands of Italy
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Because of its _____________, Italy proved much easier to unify than Greece.
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Unlike Greece:
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Italy is not ____________ up into small, isolated valleys.
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The _____________ Mountains, which run down the length of the Italian
peninsula, are less rugged than the mountains of Greece.
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Italy has broad, _________ plains in the north and the west. These plains
supported the growing population.
The Legend of Romulus and Remus
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The ancestors of the Romans, the ___________ migrated into Italy about 800 B.C.
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The Latins settled along the _________ River in small scattered villages
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Greek colonists to the south and ____________ in the north shared the peninsula
and contributed engineering and __________ ideas to Roman civilization.
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Legend held Rome was founded by twin brothers, __________ and __________,
the sons of a Latin woman and the god Mars, giving Romans divine origins.
The Roman Republic (509 – 27 B.C.)
• 509 B.C., Romans rejected ___________ king (monarchy) and established a
_______________.
• Power rests with the citizens who have the right to __________ for their
leaders.
• In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to ____________
male citizens.
•
Struggle For Power: Class Conflict.
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Patricians – Wealthy _____________ who held most of the power:
inherited power and social status.
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Plebeians (Plebs) – common ___________, artisans and merchants who
made up the ____________ of the population: can vote, but can’t rule.
•
•
____________ – elected representatives who protect plebeians’ political
rights.
The Roman Republic – A “Balanced” Government.
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Rome elected two _________ – one to lead army, one to direct government.
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__________ – chosen from patricians (Roman upper class), make foreign
and domestic policy.
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Popular assemblies elect ____________, make laws for plebeians
(commoners).
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Dictators – leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis (appt. by consuls and
___________).
Structuring the Republic
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In the early republic, the most powerful governing body was the ___________.
Originally, its 300 members were all _____________, or members of the
landholding upper class. Senators, who served for life, strongly influenced the
republic’s _____________
Rome elected two consuls
•
Each year, the senators nominated __________ consuls from the patrician class.
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Their job was to ____________ the business of government and command the
armies.
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Consuls, however, could serve only ___________ term. They were also expected
to approve each other’s _______________.
•
By limiting their time in office and making them __________ to each other, Rome
had a system of checks on the power of government
The Dictator
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In the event of ________, the senate might choose a dictator, or ruler who has
complete control over a government. Each Roman dictator was granted power to
rule for _________ months. After that time, he had to give up power.
Cincinnatus
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Romans particularly admired ________________ as a model dictator.
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Cincinnatus organized an army, led the Romans to victory over the attacking
enemy, attended victory celebrations, and returned to his ____________—all
within 15 days.
Plebeians Fight for Their Rights
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At first, all government officials were patricians. Plebeians (plih bee unz), the
farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who made up the bulk of the
population, had little __________. The efforts of the plebeians to gain power
shaped politics in the early republic
•
In time, the plebeians gained the right to ______________ their own officials,
called tribunes, to protect their interests.
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The tribunes could ____________, or block, those laws that they felt were harmful
to plebeians.
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Little by little, plebeians forced the senate to choose ______________ as consuls,
appoint plebeians to other high ___________, and finally to open the senate itself
to plebeians.
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Another breakthrough for the plebeians came in 450 B.C., when the government
oversaw the inscription of the laws of Rome on 12 tablets, which were set up in
the ___________, Rome’s marketplace. Plebeians had protested that citizens
could not know what the laws were because they were not _____________ down
The Twelve Tables
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The Laws of the ______________ Tables made it possible for the first time for
plebeians to appeal a ________________ handed down by a patrician judge.
Characterizing Roman Society
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The ___________ was the basic unit of Roman society.
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Under Roman law, the _________ head of the household had absolute authority.
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Women could own property and run _____________, but most worked at home.
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Children were ____________. The wealthy often hired _____________ tutors.
The Role of Women Changes Over Time
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Roman women played a larger ___________ in society than did Greek women.
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They could own __________, and, in later Roman times, women from all
classes ran a variety of ______________, from small shops to major
shipyards.
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Those who made their ______________ earned respect by supporting the
arts or paying for public _______________.
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However, most women worked at ____________, raising their families,
spinning, and weaving
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Over the centuries, Roman women gained greater freedom and ______________.
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Patrician women went to the public baths, dined out, and attended the
____________ or other forms of public entertainment with their husbands.
Romans Educate all Children
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Both girls and boys from the upper and lower classes, all ____________ to read
and write.
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By the later years of the republic, many ______________ Romans would hire
private tutors, often Greeks, to supervise the education of their children.
•
Under their guidance, children memorized major events and developments in
Roman history. _______________ was an important subject for boys who wanted
to pursue ________________ careers.
Roman Religious Practices
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Roman religion develops out of Greek and _____________ religions
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The Romans believed in ______________ gods and goddesses, many of whom
they adapted from Greek Mythology and Religion.
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Throughout Rome, dozens of ________________ housed statues of the gods.
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In front of these temples, Romans took part in ________________ activities such
as worshipping the gods and asking for divine assistance.
Roman Festivals
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The Roman calendar was full of ___________ and other celebrations to honor the
gods and goddesses and to ensure divine _________ for the city. As loyal citizens,
most Romans joined in these festivals, which inspired a sense of ______________.
The Roman Republic Grows
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As Rome’s political and social systems evolved at home, its armies expanded
Roman power across _____________.
•
Roman armies _____________ first the Etruscans and then the Greek city-states in
the south.
•
By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula.
Citizen-Soldiers Make Up the Roman Army
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Rome’s success was due to skillful ____________ and to its loyal, well-trained
_______________.
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All __________ were required to serve.
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The basic military unit was the ___________, each of which included about 5,000
men.
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As in Greece, Roman armies consisted of ____________-soldiers who originally
fought without being paid and had to supply their own weapons
Roman soldiers
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Eventually, they received a small __________, or payment, but their main
compensation was always a share of the ____________ of victory. Roman citizens
often made good soldiers because they were brought up to value _____________,
courage, and respect for authority.
Roman Military
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To ensure success, Roman commanders mixed ________ with harsh punishment.
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Young soldiers who showed _____________ in action won praise and gifts.
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If a unit fled from battle, however, one out of every ________ men from the
disgraced unit was put to death.
Rome Is Just With Conquered Lands
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Rome generally treated its defeated enemies with __________. Conquered
peoples had to acknowledge Roman ___________, pay taxes, and supply soldiers
for the Roman army. In return, Rome let them keep their own customs, ________,
and local government.
Rome Is Just With Conquered Lands
•
To a few __________ groups among the conquered people, Rome gave the highly
prized right of full ________________.
•
Others became partial citizens, who were allowed to _______________ Romans
and carry on trade in Rome.
•
As a result of such generous policies, most conquered lands remained _________
to Rome even in troubled times.
Maintaining the State
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To protect its ___________, Rome posted soldiers throughout the land.
•
It also built a ____________ of all-weather military roads to link ______________
territories to Rome. As trade and _____________ increased, local peoples
incorporated __________ into their languages and adopted many Roman
_____________ and beliefs. Slowly, Italy began to unite under Roman rule.
Section 2: From Republic to Empire
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When ____________ came to power in 31 B.C., he ended the Roman republic and
made Rome an _____________.
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Rome added many _____________ lands to the republic and gained control of
important __________ routes.
The Roman Achievement
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Roman civilization spread to faraway lands
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Romans also borrowed ideas from other cultures
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The blending of Greek, _______________, and Roman cultures is
called ____________________ civilization
•
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Roman artists, _____________, and writers borrowed ideas from these different
cultures
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The Romans used Greek ___________ in their homes and public buildings
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Romans adapted the ____________ Hellenistic style
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Statues shows every detail of a subject, even warts and veins
Roman builders used Greek columns
•
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However Roman buildings were mighty and __________ rather than
simple and elegant
Many Romans spoke ____________ and used Greek ____________ styles
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Still, the greatest Roman writers such as __________, Horace, and Livy
used the Roman language of Latin for _______________.
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Romans were practical
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They built excellent ___________, bridges, harbors, and aqueducts, or
bridge-like stone structures that brought water from the hills to the cities
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The Romans did little _______________ investigation
•
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They did, however, put science to practical use
The used _______________ to make maps and medical knowledge to improve
public health
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The Romans also developed an important system of law
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Under this system, people were ____________ until proved guilty
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Decisions were based on _____________.
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Roman law influenced the modern legal systems of the Americas and
Europe