Table 1: Dose schedule of morphine for severely induced morphine dependence
Days
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Time (h)
18.00
10.00
18.00
10.00
18.00
10.00
18.00
10.00
18.00
10.00
18.00
10.00
Dose (mg/kg, i.p.)
10
10
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
100
Table 2: Withdrawal signs observed in rats 12 h after the last dose of morphine for 30 min.
Counted signs
Weighing factor
Chewing
Head shakes
Exploring
Digging
Yawning
Teeth chattering
Jumping
Flying
Wet dog shakes
Writhing
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Checked signs
(every 10 min)
Squeaking on touch
Hostility on Handling
Diarrhoea
Ptosis
Eye twitching
Rhinorrhoe
Lacrimation
Penile erection
Weighing
factor
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
Table 3: Effect of Delphinium denudatum Wall. on signs of abstinence syndrome in severely morphine-dependent
rats
S. No.
Signs of morphine
withdrawal syndrome
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
1.
Chewing
23.2 + 0.6
15.2 + 0.4** 12.5 + 0.5*** 19.5 + 0.5
2.
Head shakes
3.7 + 0.4
0 + 0**
0 + 0**
2.7 + 0.4
3.
Exploring
29.8 + 0.6
18.6 + 0.4*
17.2 + 0.5*** 19.0 + 0.5
4.
Digging
15.7 + 0.6
11.5 + 0.5*
9.5 + 0.5*** 14.0 + 0.5
5.
Yawning
19.0 + 1.0
12.2 + 0.6
10.7 + 0.4** 18.0 + 0.5
6.
Teeth chattering
21.2 + 0.5
10.0 + 1.0*
7.2 + 0.5*** 19.0 + 0.4
7.
Jumping
2.5 + 0.3
0 + 0**
0 + 0**
2.2 + 0.2
8.
Wet dog Shakes
2.7 + 0.4
0 + 0**
0 + 0***
2.5 + 0.3
9.
Writhing
19.0 + 0.4
11.2 + 0.4** 9.7 + 0.4*** 15.5 + 0.5
10.
Squeaking on touch
13.5 + 0.5
1.7 + 0.2*
0 + 0**
11.8 + 0.6
11.
Hostility on handling
5.3 + 0.5
3.5 + 0.3
2.2 + 0.4*** 5.0 + 0.3
12.
Eye twitching
7.2 + 0.4
5.5 + 0.5
3.5 + 0.6**
5.5 + 0.3
13.
Lacrimation
5.2 + 0.5
4.1 + 0.5
3.0 + 0.0
4.1 + 0.5
Values are Mean + SEM.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs group 3 (Non-parametric ANOVA and Dunnett’s test).