Glycolysis and
Fermentation
What’s so sweet about Sugar?
Objectives
• Discuss ATP and where the ‘energy’ is
• Describe what fermentation is and
where the ‘energy’ is
• Design an experiment to ‘test’
fermentation
• Weigh the merits of fermentation vs.
respiration
• Recognize/explain what happens in a RedOx
reaction
Thinking it Through
•
•
•
•
•
CH4 (methane)
C2H5OH H3C-CH2-OH (ethanol)
C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3 (octane)
H2O CO2
Similarities in components/structure?
Differences in behavior?
Differences in structure?
So where are ‘calories’?
Energy (heat)
needed to raise
1g water, 1oC
Why are there
more calories?
Saturated Fat
RedOx Reactions
OIL RIG
OIL = Oxidation Is Loss
of electrons
RIG = Reduction Is Gain
of electrons
O
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
H
H H
Oxidized Form
Reduced Form
Oxidized Form
NAD+
Reduced Form
NADH
“ATP- molecule used to store
and transfer energy”
“ATP- molecule used to store
and transfer energy”
“ATP- molecule used to store
and transfer energy”
Phosphate Groups
“ATP- molecule used to store
and transfer energy”
• Why not just
separate?
• What does this mean
in terms of
‘energy’?
How does breaking a bond
‘release’ energy?
Same thing shown with a bit more detail…
http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ChemStructures/Atphydrl.gif
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
• Glyco – glucose/sugar
• Lysis – “to loosen”, take apart
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 ADP
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
NAD+ is reduced to “NADH”
2 ADP
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
2 NADH
*Addition of 2
inorganic
phosphates
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
3 Carbons
3 Carbons
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
3 Carbons
3 Carbons
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
3 Carbons
3 Carbons
Net production of 2 ATP
How do you Keep
Glycolysis Going?
How do you Keep
Glycolysis Going?
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
3 Carbons
3 Carbons
How do you Keep
Glycolysis Going?
Glucose
(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 ADP
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 ATP
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
3 Carbons
3 Carbons
Fermentation
(Lactic Acid)
Pyruvate
Lactic Acid
3 Carbons
3 Carbons
2 NADH
2 NAD+
NADH is oxidized
into NAD+
Pyruvate is reduced
and forms Lactic Acid
Fermentation
(Alcoholic)
CO2
Pyruvate
Ethanol
3 Carbons
2 Carbons
2 NADH
Pyruvate is reduced
and forms Ethanol
2 NAD+
NADH is oxidized
into NAD+
Fermentation
• Keep Glycolysis going - oxidizes
NADH into NAD+
• Glycolysis – 2 ATP
• “NO” O2 present
• Lactic Acid
• Alcoholic
– Ethanol
- CO2
Here’s the claim:
Glycolysis –
Glucose + 2ATP  Pyruvate + 4ATP
Fermentation (no O2 present)
Pyruvate + NADH ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
What can you test?
Conditions needed?
How?
Rank in terms of: feasibility, safety, ‘fun’
Optimizations
• We’ve proposed testing for components
• Are all tests best done under same
conditions?
• Concept: limiting components. How do you
max your yield (or sensitivity) for:
– Glucose
– CO2
– ETOH
More?
• What will your solution look like?
– “murky”?
• How do you speed it up?
• What conditions do we WANT?
Time to get to know each
other better…
Okay, that’s Fermentation
How does it
‘usually’ happen?
So?
• WHY do you breath O2?
• Where does the CO2 come from?
• Where does ‘body heat’ come
from?
• What is the relationship between
sugars, and fats?
What do ‘conclusive’
results tell you?
• Smoking, etc.
– ‘consistent’ with